Tyva: A Peripheral Fate? (a historical and geographical sketch of the formation of the population of the Tyva Republic – from the Huns to its voluntary incorporation into the RSFSR in 1944)

The historical roots and geographical features of the population’ formation in the Tyva Republic during the period from the Hunnu domination to the voluntary incorporation of Tyva into the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR) in 1944 have been studied. The formation of the population occurred in conditions of peripherality of the considered object in relation to the state entities, which it was a part of or was under their influence in different periods of its development. The formation of the Tuvan ethnos was completed during the period when the Tyva tribes were part of Manchurian China in the late 18th-19th centuries. An important factor in this process was the establishment of an administrative division based not on clan but on a territorial principle. The economic and geographical position of the region, as one of the determinants of the socio-economic development of Tyva and the further formation of its population, was and still is unfavourable, which predetermines the search for foundations for the spatial development of the republic.

Comparative analysis of agricultural development in the Russian border areas of North Asia

The object of the research is the Russian border areas of North Asia, which include Tyumen Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Altai Krai, Tyva Republic, The Republic of Buryatia, Zabaikalsky Krai and Amurskaya Oblast. This research aims to conduct a comparative analysis of agricultural development in these territories over a long period from the early 1970s to the present. The authors have analysed the dynamics of the gross regional product of the considered regions and its structure, the share of agriculture in GRP of the regions, the volume of agricultural production (in US dollars), cultivated areas and a number of indicators of agricultural development efficiency. Conclusions are made about the low role of the considered regions in the formation of the RF GDP, as well as about the insignificant share of agricultural products in GRP of the regions and the decreased efficiency of agricultural land use in comparison with the average indicators for the Russian Federation.

Gold metallogeny of the East Tannu-Ola ore region, Tyva Republic

The Elegest-Mezhegei, Aptara, and Shivilig forecasted gold ore clusters and the Kharalyg and Irbitei forecasted gold-silver-polymetallic ore clusters were distinguished within the East Tannu-Ola iron-copper-polymetallic-gold ore region, based on examination of historical and new geological, geochemical, and metallogenical data. Subsequently, the Urgailyg, Proezdnoe, and Chumurtuk forecasted gold ore fields were delineated within the Elegest-Mezhegei cluster; the Despen ore field was delineated within the Aptara ore cluster; and the Ovur-Ongesh ore field was outlined within the Shivilig cluster. In addition, the Ulug-Sailyg and Ak-Charinsk gold-molybdenum-copper ore fields were distinguished outside the ore clusters. The article summarizes the investigation history, geological-structural position, geological features, and geochemical specialization of the rocks of the East Tannu-Ola region. Descriptions of the ore clusters embrace peculiarities of their geological structure, ore mineralogy, and native gold, as well as parameters of the gold-sulfide-quartz, goldskarn, gold-containing polymetallic VMS, and porphyry molybdenum-copper mineralized zones. The conclusions highlight the metallogenic epochs and distribution regularities of the gold and gold-containing mineralization within the region studied.

Forecasting the Tyva Republic population based on correlation and regression analysis

Subject. The article deals with the forecast of the population of the Tyva Republic in the short term, based on correlation and regression analysis. Objectives. The aim is to forecast the population of the Tyva Republic, using the correlation and regression analysis. Methods. The study draws on the correlation and regression analysis, as one of the methods of multivariate statistical analysis, in which the form and intensity of relationship are presented in the form of mathematical equations and formulas. We also apply methods of comparison, dynamics, table and image format of visualization of the study results. Results. The correlation and regression analysis provides forecast data relating to the population of the Tyva Republic for 2020, which is very close to the actual population for this year. The analysis of indicators for development of the population revealed an annual increase, despite the declining fertility rates and unstable trend in mortality. The paper estimates the parameters of the regression equation, which describes the relationship between fertility, mortality, migration and population size. The findings may help create programs for demographic policy, socio-economic development of the territory, improvement of living standards in the region. Conclusions. The use of correlation and regression analysis will serve as a fairly reliable method to solve the problem. The study unveils significant factors that affect the growth or decline of population in the region.

Prevention of rabies in Southern Siberia

Aim. To substantiate the need for coordinating measures to prevent rabies in adjacent territories with similar conditions for the spread of this infection.Materials and Methods. We retrospectively analyzed spatiotemporal trends in rabies spread during 1950-2020 by studying available statistics from nine Siberian territories (Altai Republic, Altai Region, Tyva Republic, Khakassia, Buryatia, Krasnoyarsk Region, Transbaikal Region, Irkutsk Region and Kemerovo Region). Mapping of rabies cases in humans (n = 124) and animals (n = 1648) was carried out using QGIS 3.16.3, ArcMap 10.8.1 and ArcScene 10.8.1 software and open electronic landscape maps Natural Earth and OpenStreetMap.Results. We revealed two periods of intensive rabies spread in southern Siberia: 1) from 1950 to 1983; 2) from 2002 to the present time. However, human rabies was recorded only during the first period. In all studied territories, inter-epizootic periods lasted from 10 to > 40 years. Geographical analysis identified a mosaic localization pattern and a relative isolation of the affected areas. After 2002, there has been a connection between location of animal rabies cases with agricultural lands and a consistent advance of epizootics from west to east and north-east in all territories, excepting Irkutsk Region. The identified regional features of the spatial distribution of rabies were due to a mountainous terrain and a connection of some forest-steppe areas with similar landscapes of neighboring countries.Conclusions. Southern Siberia is characterized by long rabies-free periods and by the infection foci isolated from other areas as a result of periodic viral invasions from adjacent territories. These features determine the common approaches to the organization of preventive measures across the territories, suggesting their increased efficiency due to the numerous natural barriers and the possibility to concentrate the resources within the small areas. Our results indicate the feasibility of a regional approach to rabies control.

Use of electronic payment facilities: A case study of the Siberian Federal District regions

Subject. This article assesses the development of electronic payment facilities in the context of the declining regional coverage of commercial bank offices. Objectives. The article aims to test a methodological approach to assessing the development of electronic payment facilities, considering the regions of the Siberian Federal District as a case study. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of statistical and comparative analyses. Results. The developed methodological approach to assessing the development of electronic payment facilities has been tested using the information data of the Siberian Federal District regions. The article describes the criteria for the development of electronic payment facilities. Relevance. The findings and proposed methodological approach can be used in the development of the theory of non-cash settlements, as well as in the practical activities of the country's financial institutions. The results of the study are applied by the Ministry of Finance of the Tyva Republic and by the Division – National Bank of the Tyva Republic of the Siberian Main Branch of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

Geological structure, ore-metasomatic and mineralogical geochemical zoning of Au-Mo-Cu porphyry Kyzyk-Chadr deposit, Tyva republic

Major geological structure features, ore and metasomatic composition, ore-metasomatic and isotope-geochemical zoning are considered for Kyzyk-Chadr deposit within the namesake ore cluster of Ozhinsky ore district, Altai-Sayany mineragenic province. A set of geological and prospecting evidence (elements of the deposit geological and prospecting model) was defined; it can be used to improve the efficiency of further exploration within Sayany-Altai region prospects.

Genetic diversity of the endangered endemic species Hedysarum sangilense Krasnoborov et Timokhina (Fabaceae)

Hedysarum sangilense Krasnoborov et Timokhina (Fabaceae) is а rare subendemic species of the Fabaceae family. It has been found in a restricted area, only in isolated habitats in Tyva Republic and Northern Mongolia. Two PCR techniques, using RAPD and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, were used to perform a comparative analysis of genetic diversity in this species. When amplifying DNA with three RAPD primers, we produced 51 bands, of which 21 (40.6 %) were polymorphic. Amplification of genomic DNA using ISSR analysis yielded 96 fragments, of which 35 (36.6 %) were polymorphic. Nei,s gene diversity (H) was estimated to be 0.105 within populations (range 0.086–0.150) and 0.191 at the species level. Genetic differentiation among populations (GST) was 0.383. The results indicate that both of the marker systems RAPD and ISSR, individually or in combination, can be effectively used in the determination of the genetic relationship among and within populations of H. sangilense.

New and little-known digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae) from Russia

New additions to the knowledge of digger wasps (Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae) in Russia are provided. Tachysphex loktionovi Mokrousov & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. is described from Tyva Republic. Five species of digger wasps are reported from Russia for the first time: Hoplammophila clypeata (Mocsáry, 1883) (Sphecidae), Tachysphex desertorum F. Morawitz, 1894, T. mongolicus Kohl, 1898, Tachytes argenteus Gussakovskij, 1933, and Trypoxylon albipes F. Smith, 1856 (Crabronidae). Misidentified Tachysphex speciosissimus Morice, 1897 (=T. gussakovskii Pulawski, 1971) is excluded from the fauna of Russia. Hitherto unknown male of Tachysphex mongolicus Kohl, 1898, stat. resurr. is described and regarded as a valid taxon. New synonymy is proposed for T. mongolicus Kohl, 1898 = T. abditus Kohl, 1898, syn. nov. Diagnosis for male of Dolichurus haemorrhous A. Costa, 1886 is updated. New regional records for seven species are recorded. The known fauna of Russia currently numbers three families, 87 genera and 694 species of digger wasps. In addition Tachytes argenteus Gussakovskij, 1933 is reported for the first time from Uzbekistan and Cyprus, and Trypoxylon beaumonti Antropov, 1991 is newly recorded from Ukraine.