ІНСТИТУЦІОНАЛЬНІ ОСНОВИ ЕКОЛОГО- ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО ЗЕМЛЕКОРИСТУВАННЯ

It is proved that increasing the level of anthropogenic loading on agroecosystem leads to negative destructive changes in the state of agricultural land, which poses a potential threat to the level of agroecological and food safety. Under of the existing organizational and economic conditions of commodity production in the crop production sector, there are no trends towards positive changes in the expansion of the complex of implementation of land conservation measures and the prudent attitude towards the use of agricultural land. Instead, the increase in profits and yields, the expansion of arable land in the narrowing of the agricultural land provoke a decrease in the level of agroecological safety, the spread of erosion and degradation processes, the decrease of humus stocks and the level of fertility However, despite the increase in the economic efficiency of the crop sub-sector of agriculture, the scope and organization of the implementation of measures to restore and preserve agroresource potential require radical changes on scientifically grounded positions.

The peculiarities of using water resources at the Volyn region and their ecological state in the modern conditions

Formulation of the problem. Water is one of the most important resources in the world. The Volyn region has significant reserves of surface and underground water, but irrational use of water resources leads to their depletion. Furthermore, today the anthropogenic loading on natural ecosystems is increasing, this factor leads to the deterioration of the ecological state of water resources. So that, research the peculiarities of the water using and ecological state of water bodies and underground aquifers is necessary for conservation and restoration water resources of the region. Review of previous publications and studies. The problem of water use in the Volyn region was being studied by many scientists. The information base of this article includes number scientific works, published by K. I. Herenchuk, F. V. Zuzuk, L. V. Ilin, Ya. O. Molchak, R. V. Migas, M. R. Zabokrytska, V. K. Khil-chevskyi, V. O. Fesiuk, S. V. Polianskyi, T. S. Pavlovska, O. V. Ilina, M. A. Khvesyk, I. V. Sanina, H. H. Liutyi, L. I. Shevchuk and others. Moreover, statistical information about water use and state of water resources was given in the ecological passports, yearbooks of the Volyn region and Ukraine. Also, systematic observations of aquatic ecosystems are carried out by Regional water resources office in the Volyn region. Methods. The methodological base of the study is theoretical foundations of the doctrine of nature management. The authors applied mathematical-statistical, graphic and cartographic methods. Besides, methods of induction, deduction, comparative analysis and synthesis were used during the research. Results. The article is devoted to the study of water resources in the Volyn region, peculiarities of their use by the population and economy. The authors pay attention to the all sources of water in the Volyn region and characterize their distribution. It is mentioned that the most important source of water is aquifers. The authors give information about the structure of water use by type of economic activity. It is clarified that the largest consumers of water are agricultural enterprises and communal services. Agriculture consumes water resources for irrigation and other purposes, however, much water in this branch of economy is used irrationally. Also, large amount of extracted water is exploited for water supply of settlements in the Volyn region. But, only 5,5 % of the used water is consumed by industry, in particular, by food and sugar branch. Besides, the peculiarities of water usage in the administrative districts of the Volyn region are analyzed. The authors investigated that the biggest consumers of water are population and economy of Lutsk, Gorokhiv, Ivanychi and Volodymyr-Volynskiy districts, the least water usage is inherent for Shatsk, Lyubeshiv and Lokachinsky districts. Moreover, it is mentioned, that the features of water usage in the Volyn region change in time. For example, the amount of water consumption during 2000-2014 was decreasing as a result of social-economic causes. The article considers the problem of the influence of different sources of pollution on the water resources in the Volyn region. It is noted, that the most vulnerable to the anthropogenic loading are surface water bodies, they are polluted generally by untreated sewage. For example, river waters consist many pollutants, concentration of which exceeds the maximum permissible concentration. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The structure and dynamics of water consumption in the Volyn region is characterized for the first time. Particular attention is paid to the research of modern ecological state of surface and underground water resources in connection with water use and other economic activities. The results of this exploring will help to optimize water use and to conserve water resources.

Scientific rationale of measures on prevention of pollution of surface water bodies in Kharkiv region

Today, in Kharkiv region, most of the surface water bodies as a result of man-made and anthropogenic loading have lost their natural purity and the ability to self-purify. One of the features of water resources of the region is that the rivers, which serve as the main sources of water supply, are also used as receivers of treated wastewater. In order to analyze the state of pollution of the aquifer of Kharkiv region during 2007–2016, laboratory studies of water of surface water reservoirs of the 1st and 2nd categories were conducted and summarized. The researchers have found that over the past 10 years the pollution of surface water bodies of the 1st category according to sanitary-chemical indicators is at the level of 4.5%, microbiological indicators – 14%, water pollution of reservoirs of the 2nd category is 20% and 12%, respectively. In order to prevent the occurrence of diseases of different etiology among the population of Kharkiv region, the source of which is the water factor, a set of methodical and practical measures that will contribute to the improvement of the surface water of the region has been developed

Direct O₂ control on the partitioning between denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in lake sediments

Lacustrine sediments are important sites of fixed-nitrogen (N) elimination through the reduction of nitrate to N2 by denitrifying bacteria, and they are thus critical for the mitigation of anthropogenic loading of fixed N in lakes. In contrast, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) retains bioavailable N within the system, promoting internal eutrophication. Both processes are thought to occur under oxygen-depleted conditions, but the exact O2 concentration thresholds particularly of DNRA inhibition are uncertain. In O2 manipulation laboratory experiments with dilute sediment slurries and 15NO3- additions at low- to sub-micromolar O2 levels, we investigated how, and to what extent, oxygen controls the balance between DNRA and denitrification in lake sediments. In all O2-amended treatments, oxygen significantly inhibited both denitrification and DNRA compared to anoxic controls, but even at relatively high O2 concentrations (≥70 µmol L−1), nitrate reduction by both denitrification and DNRA was observed, suggesting a relatively high O2 tolerance. Nevertheless, differential O2 control and inhibition effects were observed for denitrification versus DNRA in the sediment slurries. Below 1 µmol L−1 O2, denitrification was favoured over DNRA, while DNRA was systematically more important than denitrification at higher O2 levels. Our results thus demonstrate that O2 is an important regulator of the partitioning between N loss and N recycling in sediments. In natural environments, where O2 concentrations change in near-bottom waters on an annual scale (e.g., overturning lakes with seasonal anoxia), a marked seasonality with regards to internal N eutrophication versus efficient benthic fixed-N elimination can be expected.

Direct O₂ control on the partitioning between denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in lake sediments

Lacustrine sediments are important sites of fixed nitrogen (N) elimination through the reduction of nitrate to N2 by denitrifying bacteria, and are thus critical for the mitigation of anthropogenic loading of fixed N in lakes. In contrast, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) retains bioavailable N within the system, promoting internal eutrophication. Both processes are thought to occur under oxygen-depleted conditions, but the exact O2 thresholds particularly of DNRA inhibition are uncertain. In O2-manipulation laboratory experiments with dilute sediment slurries and 15NO3− additions at low- to sub-micromolar O2 levels, we investigated how, and to what extent, oxygen controls the balance between DNRA and denitrification in lake sediments. In all O2-amended treatments, oxygen significantly inhibited both denitrification and DNRA compared to anoxic controls, but even at relatively high O2 concentrations (≥ 70 µmol L−1), nitrate reduction by both denitrification and DNRA was observed, suggesting a relatively high O2 tolerance. Nevertheless, differential O2 control and inhibition effects were observed for denitrification versus DNRA in the sediment slurries. Below 1 µmol L−1 O2, denitrification was favored over DNRA, while DNRA was systematically more important than denitrification at higher O2 levels. Our results thus demonstrate that O2 is an important regulator of the partitioning between N-loss and N-recycling in sediments. In natural environments, where O2 concentrations change in near bottom waters on an annual scale (e.g., overturning lakes with seasonal anoxia), a marked seasonality with regards to internal N eutrophication versus efficient benthic fixed N elimination can be expected.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ІНСТИТУЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ ЕКОЛОГІЧНО СТІЙКИХ АГРОЛАНДШАФТІВ В УКРАЇНІ

Increase in the level of anthropogenic loading on agro ecosystem, which is the result of an increase in the amount of production of marketable crop production in violation of the requirements for reproduction and preservation of agro resource potential, leads to negative destructive changes in agro landscapes, what threatens agro ecological and food security. Under the existing organization of commodity production of crop production there are no trends in the implementation of land-use measures, and the priority is to increase profits, increase in yield, extension of arable land within the narrowing of agricultural land provoke the spread of erosion and degradation processes, reduction of humus stock and land fertility level. Implementation of measures for the restoration and preservation of agro resource potential demanding radical changes from scientifically positions. The systematization of agro ecological safety factors will promote the search for optimal organizational and economic decisions, implementation of agricultural land use. The subject of the research is a set of theoretical aspects of improvement organizational and economic conditions of balanced land use and institutional support, which will ensure the formation of environmentally sustainable agricultural landscapes.

ПАЛІНОІНДИКАЦІЯ АТМОСФЕРНОГО ПОВІТРЯ М. ЧЕРНІВЦІ

The monitoring evaluation of anthropogenic transformation level of the environment was made according to viability of pollen Malus domestica Borkh. and Prunus cerasus L. The research was conducted in 2015-2017. The monitoring areas were located on the territories of preschool- and general educational institutions of Chernivtsi city. The pollen of the plants, which grow in locations of the background territory (landscape wildlife preserve Tsetsyno), was used as a control. As the result of the research, it was found out that the increase of anthropogenic loading level caused the productivity rise of sterile pollen grain. It was also discovered that M. domestica has a higher sensitivity than P. cerasus due to its capacity to produce fertile pollen with mean concentration of starch as a response to the atmospheric pollution. The mentioned feature of M. domestica expands the opportunities of its use as a bioindicator and also can indicate the anthropogenic transformation of environment. According to the integral conditional index of bioindicator’s damage, it was assessed that a satisfactory state of environment is on the Nebesnoi Sotni 18-A st., F. Poletaeva3 st., Saltykova-Shedrina29 st., Ruska178 st. and Nebesnoi Sotni 10-B st., when an ecological situation in other monitoring areas corresponds to the standards of cleanness. The main reason for the increase of pollen sterility of the bioindicators on the above-listed streets is a close proximity to the highways with an active traffic and traffic congestion.

The role of geo-ecological factors in development of sarcoidosis morbidity in Tomsk and the Tomsk region

The article presents data concerning prevalence of sarmidosis in Tomsk and the Tomsk region for 16 years and impacting of ecological and geochemical factors (elemental composite of incrustation of snow, soils) on disease. The sarmidosis morbidity of individuals without undergoing impact of occupational hazards is reliably higher in areas with increased anthropogenic loading (the Oktiabrskii district of Tomsk, the Tomsk rural district, the North- Eastern sector, city of Seversk, Parabelskii and Kolpashevskii districts, Strejevoii). The positive associations were established between sarmidosis morbidity and content of sodium in incrustation of snow, cerium in soil. The sarmidosis with severe recurrent course correlated positively with lutetium and chrome of soils and negatively with barium in incrustation of snow.