Like parent, like child: a cross-sectional study of intra-household consumption patterns of non-alcoholic beverages among British households with children

Objective: Most research investigating sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and health, conducted at the individual or household level, ignores potentially important intra-household dynamics. We analysed self-reported consumption relationships between children and adults, and between children of different ages, as well as the associations between intra-household consumption, body mass index and socio-demographic characteristics. Design: A cross-sectional analysis of survey data from Kantar Fast Moving Consumer Goods panellists in September 2017. Setting: Great Britain Participants: Random sample of 603 households with children under 18 who regularly purchase non-alcoholic beverages. Results: Low or no-sugar/diet beverages dominate consumption across all age categories, particularly children under 12 years. SSB consumption increased as children became older. Children’s reported consumption of SSBs and low or no-sugar/diet beverages was positively associated with consumption by adults; a child in adolescence had over nine times the odds of consuming SSBs (adjusted OR 9.55, 95% CI 5.38, 17.00, p<0.001), and eight times the odds of consuming low or no-sugar/diet drinks (adjusted OR 8.12, 95% CI 4.71, 13.97, p<0.001), if adults did so. In households with multiple children, consumption patterns of older siblings were associated with those of the younger; notably a perfect correlation between children 0-6 years consuming SSBs if siblings 13-18 years did so, and children 7-12 years had 22 times the odds of consuming SSBs if siblings 13-18 years did so (OR 22.33, 95% CI 8.60, 58.01, p<0.001). Conclusions: Multiple policies, targeting children as well as adults, such as fiscal levers and advertisement restrictions, are needed to reduce and prevent consumption of SSBs.

Dental Erosion: Effect of Diet Drink Consumption on Permanent Dentition

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the effect of diet drinks on dental erosion among a representative sample of US adults. Methods: Adult dietary and dental data were analyzed from the 2003–2004 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Erosion was measured with a modified tooth wear index and was analyzed as a dichotomous variable. Cluster analysis was performed, and the cluster number was based on having a separate diet drink cluster and the R2 values. Survey procedure and sample weights were used. Results: Most of the population (80%) had some form of dental erosive lesions. When compared with the total sample, people with erosion were more likely to be male (52.5%) and older. People with no erosive lesions were younger (42.3%) and non-Hispanic Black (21.2%). Cluster analysis resulted in 4 distinct clusters: high water, high diet drinks, high coffee/tea, and high soda. The respective percentage of individuals in each cluster who had erosion was 78.9%, 85%, 83.9%, and 76.2%, where the “high diet drinks” cluster showed the highest erosion ( P = 0.28). Logistic regression modeling showed that the “high diet drinks” cluster had increased odds of erosion (odds ratio = 1.27; 95% CI = 0.58 to 2.77) when compared with the “high water” cluster, but the relationship was not statistically significant. Conclusion: High diet drinks consumption slightly increased the odds of dental erosion among US adults, although this relationship was not statistically significant. It is thus not yet clear that dentists should recommend diet drinks, as they might be linked to systemic diseases. Further research is needed to explore more about risk factors of erosion. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The findings of this study are suggestive, though not significantly, that diet drinks may increase risk for dental erosion. While further research is needed, it is not clear that dentists should recommend these drinks as healthy substitutes for sugary drinks.

Association of the Healthy Beverage Index With Metabolic Syndrome and Stroke in U.S. Adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014

Background: Whether beverage consumption pattern is associated with risk of metanolic syndrome (MetS) and stroke is of public health interest. Methods: We examined the associations between the healthy beverage index (HBI) scores with prevalence of MetS and stroke among 4162 participants aged 20-80 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2014) in U.S. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), while adjusting for potential confounders and stratifying by gender. Results: For the prevalence of stroke, there was an inverse association between HBI scores and stroke (adj. OR for Q4 versus Q1: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.27–0.81), and gender stratified models were similar. However, there was a positive association between HBI scores and MetS (adj. OR for Q4 versus Q1: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.46–1.79) in the total participants, and gender stratified models were different. Higher HBI scores was associated with lower prevalence of MetS in females (adj. OR for Q4 versus Q1: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.65–1.38), but with higher prevalence of MetS in males (adj. OR for Q4 versus Q1: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.37–2.99). Further analyses demonstrated differences in the association of SSBs, coffee and tea, alcohol, diet drinks and full-fat milk consumption with MetS and stroke in the total subjects, males and females. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that the HBI scores was a negative association with stroke in a representative U.S. population, and the higher HBI scores was associated with increased prevalence of MetS in males but decreased in females, which may be caused by the same beverage may play a different role in the prevalence of MetS and stroke in the total participants,males and females.

Nonalcoholic and Alcoholic Beverage Intakes by Adults across 5 Upper-Middle- and High-Income Countries

ABSTRACT Background Despite considerable public health interest in sugary drink consumption, there has been little comparison of intake across countries. Objectives This study aimed to compare the consumption frequency and amounts of commonly consumed beverages among adults in 5 upper-middle- and high-income countries, and examine differences in consumption between population subgroups. Methods Adults aged 18–65 y completed online surveys in December 2017 in Australia (n = 3264), Canada (n = 2745), Mexico (n = 3152), the United Kingdom (n = 3221), and the USA (n = 4015) as part of the International Food Policy Study. The frequency of consuming beverages from 22 categories in the past 7 d was estimated using the Beverage Frequency Questionnaire. Regression models were used to examine differences in the likelihood of any consumption and in the amounts consumed of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), sugary drinks (SSBs and 100% juice), diet, and alcoholic beverages between countries and across sociodemographic subgroups. Results The prevalence of reported SSB consumption in the past 7 d ranged from 47% (United Kingdom) to 81% (Mexico), and that of sugary drinks ranged from 62% (United Kingdom) to 87% (Mexico). Rates of consumption of diet drinks ranged from 26% (Mexico) to 37% (United Kingdom), whereas alcoholic drink consumption rates ranged from 45% (USA) to 52% (Canada). Respondents in Mexico were more likely to consume SSBs and sugary drinks, and in greater amounts, than those in other countries. Respondents in the United Kingdom were more likely to consume diet drinks than those in Australia, Canada, and Mexico, and greater amounts of diet drinks were consumed in the United Kingdom and the USA. Across countries, younger respondents and males were more likely to consume greater amounts of SSBs and sugary drinks. Conclusions Most adult respondents across all countries consumed SSBs and sugary drinks, with greater consumption in Mexico and the USA. Consumption varied greatly across countries, but patterns of association among subpopulations were relatively similar.

Patterns of beverage purchases amongst British households: a latent class analysis

Background Policies to tackle obesity have increasingly targeted drinks, in particular sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), as a major source of excess sugar and energy. However, precision targeting of policies is difficult as information on what types of consumers they might affect, and to what degree, is missing. To fill this gap, we categorised consumers on the basis of drink purchase behaviour and explored whether they are patterned by socio-demographic characteristics, total food purchasing and weight status. Methods We used latent class (LC) analysis to characterise patterns of drink purchases using the 2016 UK Kantar FMCG household purchase panel. We restricted analyses to frequent purchasers of drinks (n = 8,675) and used 6 drink categories: SSB; diet drink; fruit-/milk-based drinks; beer & cider; wine; and water. We used multinomial logistic and linear models to relate household characteristics, BMI and food purchase behaviours to LC membership. Results We identified 7 LCs. Disadvantaged households were more frequent in LCs with high volumes of SSBs ('SSB') and diet drinks ('Diet'). Higher BMI was more likely in LCs 'Diet' and 'SSB'. LC 'SSB' obtained higher total energy, relatively less energy from fruits and vegetables, and more energy from less healthy products, compared to others. LCs 'Diet' and 'SSB' obtained relatively more energy from sweet snacks. Conclusions Households who mainly purchased high volumes of SSBs or diet drinks were at greater risk of obesity and tended to purchase less healthy foods, including a high proportion of energy from sweet snacks. These households might additionally benefit from policies targeting unhealthy foods, such as sweet snacks, as a way of reducing excess energy intake. Key messages The effects of fiscal policies on SSB consumption is likely to vary across types of beverage consumers. Fiscal policies should be extended to sweet snacks as a major source of excess energy.

Modelling the Effects of Beverage Substitution during Adolescence on Later Obesity Outcomes in Early Adulthood: Results from the Raine Study

High sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption has been linked with obesity. The present study examined the associations between adolescent SSB intake and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and overweight status in early adulthood, and modelled the association of alternative beverage substitution with BMI and WC. Data of offspring from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study at ages 14 and 22 years were used (n = 667). SSB intake at 14 years (100 g/day) was associated with higher BMI (β = 0.19 kg/m2, 95% CI 0.04, 0.33), WC (β = 0.41cm, 95% CI 0.04, 0.78), and being overweight at 22 years (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02, 1.18). Every 100g modelled substitution of SSB with milk at age 14 years was associated with lower BMI (−0.19 kg/m2) and WC (−0.52 cm) at age 22 years. Replacement of SSB with diet drink was associated with higher BMI and WC. No association was found for substitutions of SSB with water, tea/coffee, or 100% fruit juice with BMI or WC. SSB intake during adolescence was associated with higher BMI, WC, and being overweight in early adulthood. Milk as an alternative to SSB was associated with less adiposity. Caution is necessary in recommending diet drinks as a SSB alternative.

COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF VITAMIN AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF DRINKS BASED ON WILD ROSEHIPS AND BLACK TEA IN THE WATER-INTAKE REGIME OF MILITARY MEN

The purpose of the paper is a comparative physiological and hygienic assessment of wild rosehip drinks and black tea, which are a part of a military ration, and the proposal development for their intake by military personnel under high physical loads. Materials and Methods. The authors used four varieties of wild rosehips and three varieties of black tea to determine the amount of vitamin C and microelements. Tillmans method and iodometry (GOST 24556-89) were used for vitamin C determination. Besides vitamin C, drinks were examined for the content of other vitamins, macro- and microelements using atomic absorption spectroscopy, MGA 915-M spectrophotometer (Lumex, Russia). Results. According to present-day ideas, functional drinks should possess not only well-known characteristics peculiar to traditional drinks (satisfying thirst, pleasure, etc.), but also be beneficial to human health. In the military food ration there are no facilities to prepare functional drinks, although such drinks are widely used by individuals engaged in rough labor. The laboratory studies show that the amount of vitamin C in wild rosehips is twice as much as in black tea. The content of vitamins A and E, and iron in dry wild rosehips is much higher than in black tea. Microelements, namely manganese, copper, molybdenum and zinc, are found in wild rosehips in a significant amount, while there is only a small amount of selenium. The above-mentioned microelements are not found in black tea. Conclusion. The research results demonstrate that wild rosehip drinks are valuable as they contain much vitamins and minerals. Its use can help restore water-electrolyte losses in individuals engaged in rough labor, athletes and military men, increase endurance and recovery process after heavy physical loads. Dry dose for preparing a drink will reduce the weight of the military stock, and positively affect the quality of mission accomplishment. Keywords: military men diet, drinks, water-electrolyte balance, vitamins, macroelements, microelements, vitamin C, ration, wild rosehip, black tea. Цель работы – сравнительная физиолого-гигиеническая оценка напитков из плодов шиповника и черного чая, входящих в состав пайков военнослужащих, и разработка предложений по их употреблению военнослужащими в условиях высоких физических нагрузок. Материалы и методы. Для определения содержания витамина С и микроэлементов использовали четыре сорта шиповника и три – черного чая. Определение витамина С проводили по методу Тильманса и йодометрическим методом по ГОСТ 24556-89. Кроме витамина С, напитки исследовали на содержание других витаминов, макро- и микроэлементов с помощью атомно-абсорбционной спектроскопии на спектрофотометре МГА 915-M («Люмекс», Россия). Результаты. Согласно современным представлениям функциональные напитки, помимо известных характеристик, присущих традиционным напиткам (утоление жажды, удовольствие и др.), должны обладать полезными для здоровья человека свойствами. В составе рационов питания военнослужащих отсутствуют средства для приготовления функциональных напитков, хотя они широко применяются лицами, занимающимися тяжелым физическим трудом. В ходе лабораторных исследований установлено, что содержание витамина С в плодах шиповника на два порядка выше, чем в черном чае. Содержание витаминов А и Е, железа в сухих плодах шиповника значительно выше, чем в черном чае. Микроэлементы марганец, медь, молибден и цинк присутствуют в шиповнике в значительном количестве, селен – в незначительном количестве. Указанные микроэлементы в черном чае отсутствуют. Выводы. Результаты исследования напитка на основе шиповника свидетельствуют о его высокой ценности в отношении витаминов и минеральных веществ. Его применение поможет восстановить водно-электролитные потери у лиц, занимающихся тяжелым физическим трудом, спортсменов и военнослужащих, повысит выносливость и ускорит восстановление организма после больших физических нагрузок. Сухая навеска для приготовления напитка снизит вес носимого запаса военнослужащих, что положительно скажется на качестве выполнения поставленных задач. Ключевые слова: питание военнослужащих, напитки, водно-электролитный баланс, витамины, макроэлементы, микроэлементы, витамин С, рацион, шиповник, черный чай.