Rearing pattern alters porcine myofiber type, fat deposition, associated microbial communities and functional capacity

Background: The Chinese believe that the meat of pigs reared in the past with free range tastes better than that of the pigs reared indoor on a large scale today. Gastrointestinal microflora is closely associated with the main factor of meat flavour, including fibre characteristics and lipid metabolism. Our method in this study involved different raising patterns within the semi free-grazing farm (FF) or indoor feeding farm (DF), the measurement of fat deposition and myofiber type by paraffin section and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the identification of microbiome and functional capacities associated with meat quality through metagenomic sequencing. Results: Results showed that the fat area in muscle and adipose tissue and the myofiber density significantly increased in the pigs of the FF group. The relative abundance of bacteria associated with lipid metabolism, such as g_Oscillibacter, in the feces of the FF group was higher than that in DF group, and the relative abundance of some bacteria with probiotic function, including g_Lactobacillus and g_Clostridium, was lower than that in DF group. The abundance of g__Clostridium was significantly positively correlated with the intramuscular fat area, whereas health-related bacteria, such as g__Butyricicoccus, g__Eubacterium, g__Phascolarctobacterium and g__Oribacterium, was significantly negatively correlated with abdominal fat area, myofiber density and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) mRNA expression. KEGG analysis showed that pigs raised in semi free-grazing farm can activate the pathway of inosine monophosphate (IMP) biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism. Conclusions: Free range feeding improves meat quality by changing the fibre type, myofiber density and metabolic pathways related to flavour amino acids, IMP or glycolysis/gluconeogenesis in muscle. However, prolonged feeding cycle increases fat deposition and associated microbial communities. Keywords: Rearing pattern, Myofiber type, Fat deposition, Gut micobiota

Child Rearing Patterns as Predictors of In-School Adolescents’ Maladaptive Behaviours in Very Low-Income Rural Communities in Nigeria

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The debate about the interaction between the individual student and learning environment (home) is still ongoing and inconclusive. Parents are modelled and they establish basic patterns at home which may never stop as teens develop. This study investigated child-rearing patterns as predictors of in-school adolescents’ maladaptive behaviours in very low-income rural communities in Nigeria. METHOD: The study was a cross-sectional correlational survey. Two hundred and sixty-one parents and teachers in Enugu and Ebonyi States of Nigeria participated in the study. Teachers identified the students with Conners' Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales (CBRS). Parents whose children were identified answered the Child Rearing Pattern Questionnaire (CRPQ). The validity of the instruments was ascertained by three experts. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to address the research questions, while the null hypotheses were analyzed using regression at an alpha level of significance of 0.05. RESULTS: Results revealed in-school adolescents in very low-income rural communities in Nigeria exhibit maladaptive behaviours. It was found that 4.7% of in-school adolescents’ maladaptive behaviours can be attributed to the authoritarian child-rearing pattern while 12% of maladaptive behaviours among in-school adolescents can be attributed to the authoritative child rearing pattern. Authoritative and authoritarian child-rearing patterns did not significantly predict the maladaptive behaviours of in-school adolescents from very low-income rural communities. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study highlight the need for researchers to check out whether and how several other factors in the school that may contribute significantly to in-school adolescents’ maladaptive behaviours such as peer influence, disciplinary measures, school environment and even curriculum and pedagogy.

Rearing pattern alters porcine myofiber type, fat deposition, associated microbial communities and functional capacity

Background: The Chinese believe that the meat of pigs reared in the past with free range tastes better than that of the pigs reared indoor on a large scale today. Gastrointestinal microflora is closely associated with the main factor of meat flavour, including fibre characteristics and lipid metabolism. Our method in this study involved different raising patterns within the semi free-grazing farm (FF) or indoor feeding farm (DF), the measurement of fat deposition and myofibre type by paraffin section and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the identification of microbiome and functional capacities associated with meat quality through metagenomic sequencing. Results: Results showed that the fat area in muscle and adipose tissue and the myofibre density significantly increased in the pigs of the FF group. The relative abundance of bacteria associated with lipid metabolism, such as g_Oscillibacter, in the feces of the FF group was higher than that in DF group, and the relative abundance of some bacteria with probiotic function, including g_Lactobacillus and g_Clostridium, was lower than that in DF group. A significant positive correlation was found in the intramuscular fat area of g__Clostridium, whereas a significant negative correlation was observed with abdominal fat area, myofibre density and ATGL mRNA expression of health-related bacteria, such as g__Butyricicoccus, g__Eubacterium, g__Phascolarctobacterium and g__Oribacterium. KEGG analysis showed that pigs raised in free free-grazing farm can activate the pathway of inosine monophosphate (IMP) biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism. Conclusions: Free range feeding improves meat quality by changing the fibre type, myofibre density and metabolic pathways related to flavour amino acids, IMP or glycolysis/gluconeogenesis in muscle. However, prolonged feeding cycle increases fat deposition and associated microbial communities. Keywords: Rearing pattern, Myofiber type, Fat deposition, Gut micobiota

Faktor risiko kejadian stunting pada anak umur 6-36 bulan di Wilayah Pedalaman Kecamatan Silat Hulu, Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan Barat

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><em><strong>Background</strong>: Stunting in children under five is an indicator of nutritional status that can reflect problem of overall social economic condition in the past. Stunting that occurs in childhood is a risk factor of increasing in mortality rate, low cognitive capability and motoric development, and improper physical function. The incidence of stunting is associated with many factors such as family environment (education, occupation, income, rearing pattern, eating pattern, and number of family members), nutritional factors (exclusive</em><br /><em>breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding), genetic factor, infection disease, and the incidence of low birth weight. The scope of stunting in 2010 were 35,6% and 39,7% in Indonesia and Province of Kalimantan Barat.</em></p><p><em><strong>Objectives</strong>: To identify the risk factors associated with the incidence of stunting in children of 6-36 months in Silat Hulu District of Kapuas Hulu, Province of Kalimantan Barat.</em></p><p><em><strong>Methods</strong>: This was an analytic observational study with cross sectional design. Population of the study were all of underfi ves children at remote area of Subdistrict of Silat Hulu, District of Kapuas Hulu, Province of Kalimantan Barat. Data analysis used chi-square test and logistic regression analysis to identify the</em><br /><em>most dominantly determinant stunting variable.</em></p><p><em><strong>Results</strong>: The incidence of stunting was significantly associated with occupation of mother, height of father, height of mother, income, number of family members, rearing pattern, and exclusive breastfeeding supplementation (p&lt;0.05). The incidence of stunting was not associated with occupation of father, eating pattern, duration of breastfeeding, infection disease, and education of mother (p&gt;0.05).</em></p><p><em><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Factors associated with the incidence of stunting were the work of mothers, rearing pattern, family income, number of household members, father’s height, maternal height, and exclusive breastfeeding. The most dominant determinant of risk factors on the incidence of stunting were exclusive</em><br /><em>breastfeeding, number of household members, maternal height, income, and father’s height.</em></p><p><strong>KEYWORDS</strong><em>: </em><em>exclusive breastfeeding, height of father, height of mother, income, stunting</em></p><p><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p><em><strong>Latar belakang</strong>: Stunting pada anak balita merupakan indikator status gizi yang dapat memberikan gambaran gangguan keadaan sosial ekonomi secara keseluruhan di masa lampau. Stunting yang terjadi pada masa anak merupakan faktor risiko meningkatnya angka kematian, kemampuan kognitif dan perkembangan motorik yang rendah, dan fungsi tubuh yang tidak seimbang. Kejadian stunting berhubungan dengan berbagai macam faktor antara lain lingkungan keluarga (pendidikan, pekerjaan, pendapatan, pola asuh, pola makan dan jumlah anggota rumah tangga), faktor gizi (ASI eksklusif dan</em><br /><em>lama pemberian ASI), faktor genetik, penyakit infeksi, dan kejadian BBLR. Menurut hasil riset kesehatan dasar, prevalensi anak balita yang menderita stunting di Indonesia pada tahun 2010 masih tinggi sebesar 35,6%, dan 39,7% di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat.</em></p><p><em><strong>Tujuan</strong>: Mengetahui faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting pada anak umur 6-36 bulan di pedalaman Kecamatan Silat Hulu, Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat.</em></p><p><em><strong>Metode</strong>: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Populasinya adalah seluruh balita yang ada di wilayah pedalaman Kecamatan Silat Hulu Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi-square dan untuk mengetahui variabel paling determinan terhadap stunting dilakukan analisis regresi logistik.</em></p><p><em><strong>Hasil</strong>: Kejadian stunting berhubungan signifi kan dengan pekerjaan ibu, tinggi badan ayah, tinggi badan ibu, pendapatan, jumlah anggota rumah tangga, pola asuh, dan pemberian ASI eksklusif (p&lt;0,05). Kejadian stunting tidak berhubungan dengan, pekerjaan ayah, pola makan, lama pemberian ASI, penyakit infeksi, dan pendidikan ibu (p&gt;0,05).</em></p><p><em><strong>Kesimpulan</strong>: Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting adalah pekerjaan ibu, pola asuh, pendapatan keluarga, jumlah anggota rumah tangga, tinggi badan ayah, tinggi badan ibu, dan pemberian ASI eksklusif. Faktor risiko determinan terhadap kejadian stunting adalah pendapatan, jumlah anggota</em><br /><em>rumah tangga, tinggi badan ayah, tinggi badan ibu, dan pemberian ASI eksklusif.</em></p><p><strong>KATA KUNCI</strong><em>: stunting, pendapatan, jumlah anggota rumah tangga, tinggi badan, ayah, tinggi badan ibu, pemberian ASI eksklusif</em></p>

Riwayat pola asuh, pola makan, asupan zat gizi berhubungan dengan stunting pada anak 24–59 bulan di Biboki Utara, Timor Tengah Utara, Nusa Tenggara Timur

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p><br />Background: Stunting is an indicator of chronic malnutrition that reflects problem of overall social economic condition in the past and as a manifestation of further consequences of the prevalence of low birth weight and undernutrition in children underfive and absence of supreme catch-up growth in the following<br />years. Stunting brings impact to physical growth disorder that results in low capacity in working memory, learning memory, visuospatial ability and cognitive function. Low economic condition, rearing pattern, eating pattern, nutrient intake for a long time cause high prevalence of stunting in children underfives. The result of basic health survey 2007 showed the prevalence of stunting at the Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur was 46.7%, in District of Timor Tengah Utara was 59.6% and at Subdistrict of Biboki Utara in two subsequent years were 64.6% and 60.2%.</p><p><br />Objectives: To identify association between history of rearing pattern, eating pattern, nutrient intake and stunting in children of 24-59 months in Subdistrict of Biboki Utara District of Timor Tengah Utara Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur.</p><p><br />Methods: The study was observational with case control design. Research instrument was questionnaire that was used to identify history of rearing pattern, eating pattern and nutrient intake through recall 4x24 hours subsequently. The study was carried out in Subdistrict of Biboki Utara with subject of the study were children of 24-59 months old involving a total of 152 subjects consisting of 76 children underfive as cases and 76 as control.</p><p><br />Results: History of inadequate rearing pattern was 53.9%, eating pattern 55.9%, energy intake 55.9%, protein intake 52.6%, calcium intake 52.0%, infection disease 51.3%, family economy 61.8%, food tenacity 71.7%. The result of bivariate analysis showed variables of history of rearing pattern, eating pattern, nutrient intake, infection disease, family economy had significant association (p&lt;0.05) with stunting whereas food security had no significant association. The result of multivariate analysis showed variable of history of rearing pattern most dominantly influenced the prevalence of stunting.</p><p><br />Conclusions: There was significant association between history of rearing pattern, eating pattern, intake of protein, energy, calcium and stunting.</p><p><br />KEYWORDS: rearing pattern, eating pattern, nutrient intake, culture, economy, infection disease, food security, stunting,children underfive</p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p><br />Latar belakang: Stunting merupakan salah satu indikator gizi kronis yang dapat memberikan gambaran gangguan keadaan sosial ekonomi keseluruhan di masa lampau. Stunting diketahui dengan melakukan pengukuran indikator TB/U. Dampak stunting menyebabkan menurunnya pertumbuhan, perkembangan<br />motorik terlambat, terhambatnya pertumbuhan mental, penurunan intelegensi anak, penurunan kualitas sumber daya manusia dan produktivitas. Anak stunting umur ≥ 2 tahun mempunyai risiko mengalami morbiditas dan obesitas lebih tinggi. Dengan rendahnya keadaan ekonomi, pola asuh, pola makan,asupan zat gizi dalam kurun waktu yang lama menyebabkan tingginya prevalensi stunting pada balita. Hasil riskesdas tahun 2007, prevalensi stunting provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur sebesar 46,7% dan prevalensi di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara sebesar 59,6% dan di Kecamatan Biboki Utara 2 tahun berturut-turut adalah 64,6% dan 60,2%.</p><p><br />Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan riwayat pola asuh, pola makan, asupan zat gizi terhadap kejadian stunting pada anak usia 24-59 bulan di Kecamatan Biboki Utara Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara Provinsi<br />NTT. </p><p>Metode: Jenis penelitian studi observasional dengan rancangan case-control dengan alat ukur menggunakan kuesioner untuk mengetahui riwayat pola asuh, pola makan dan asupan zat gizi menggunakan recall 24 jam. Penelitian dilakukan di Kecamatan Biboki Utara dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 152 yang terdiri dari 76 anak sebagai kasus dan 76 anak sebagai kontrol.</p><p><br />Hasil: Riwayat pola asuh kurang (53,9%), pola makan (55,9%), asupan energi (55,9%), asupan protein (52,6%), asupan kalsium (52,0%), budaya (61,1%), penyakit infeksi (51,3%), ekonomi keluarga (61,8%), ketahanan pangan (71,7%), berdasarkan analisis bivariat yang dilakukan diperoleh variabel riwayat<br />pola asuh, pola makan, asupan zat gizi, budaya, penyakit infeksi, ekonomi keluarga memiliki hubungan yang signifikan (p&lt;0,05), ketahanan pangan tidak signifikan terhadap kejadian stunting (p&gt;0,05). Analisis multivariat diperoleh variabel riwayat pola asuh paling dominan berpengaruh terhadap kejadian stunting.</p><p><br />Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna pada variabel pola asuh, pola makan, asupan zat gizi, budaya, ekonomi keluarga dan penyakit infeksi terhadap kejadian stunting, tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna pada variabel ketahanan pangan terhadap kejadian stunting.</p><p><br />KATA KUNCI: pola asuh, pola makan, asupan zat gizi, budaya, ekonomi, penyakit infeksi ketahanan pangan, stunting</p>