Prevalence and factors associated to depression among Debrebirhan University students: a cross-sectional study

Background: Undiagnosed depression among university students has an adverse effect on the wellbeing and academic performance of students. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among Debre Birhan university students. Methodology: Institutional based cross-sectional study design is conducted in Debre Birhan University from April to June 2013 E.C. Three hundred sixty nine students participated in this study which was selected by simple random sampling technique. Data were collected by using a self-administered PHQ-9 standard depression questionnaire. First the data was entered into in Epidata 3.1 and then was exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Associated factors were identified using binary logistic regression and variables with a p-value < 0.05 were declared as statistically significant factors with the outcome variables. Result: All of the study subjects were between ages 18 and 33 with a mean age of 22.65 9 ± 2.78. The overall prevalence of depression is 17.1%. Among this according to PHQ-9 scores cut scores, 161(43.6 %) scored as normal (0–4), 145(39.3%) scored as mild (5–9), 53(14.4%) scored as moderate (10–14), 4(1.1%) scored as moderately severe (15–19) and 6(1.6%) students scored as sever (> 20). In multivariate analysis being female AOR = 9.28[3.47–24.81], academic year AOR = 0.236[0.059–0.936], smoking 26.3[9.33–74.1] and alcohol use AOR of 2.62[0.95–7.21] are significantly associated with depression. Conclusion and recommendation: This study found a considerable proportion of undergraduate students with depression. Higher institutions need to pay special attention to students especially those who are female, junior students, smokers and alcohol users.

Evaluation of Postmortem Inspection Procedures to Diagnose Bovine Tuberculosis at Debre Birhan Municipal Abattoir

Routine meat inspection in the abattoir was used to examine carcass for subsequent approval for consumption. However, the chance of missing lesions results in approval of carcass and/or the offal with lesions of tuberculosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Debre Birhan Municipal abattoir from October 2016 to May 2017. Lesion prevalence estimation and two meat inspection procedures’ efficacy evaluation was attempted. The breeds of the animals inspected were zebu breeds. Routine abattoir meat inspection involves visual inspection, palpation and incision of intact organs such as the liver and kidneys, as well as inspection, palpation and incision of tracheobronchial, mediastinal and prescapular lymph nodes. The detailed meat inspection involves inspection of each of the carcass. In this case, the seven lobes of the two lungs, lymph nodes and organs were also thoroughly examined. The cut surfaces were examined under bright light sources for the presence of an abscess, cheesy mass, and tubercles in detail. The study involved and compared both routine and detailed meat inspections at the abattoir. Chi-square test of independence and odds ratio were used to see the association of lesion and different risk factors. Based on detailed meat inspection, the overall lesion prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the carcass of cattle slaughtered at Debre Birhan municipality abattoir was found to be 4.7% but only 0.5% of the carcass examined had detectable bovine tuberculosis lesions when routine abattoir meat inspection alone was used. The majority of the lesions were distributed to the lungs and associated lymph nodes. There was a significant association (p < 0.05) in TB infection rate and body condition score. In conclusion, this study has clearly indicated the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis lesions in the abattoir that are missed by routine abattoir meat inspection. In addition, it showed low sensitivity of the routine meat inspection procedure used. Hence, our study warrants immediate attention to strengthen the current meat inspection practices at Debre Birhan public abattoir.

Prevalence and factors associated to depression among Debrebirhan University students: a cross-sectional study

Background: Undiagnosed depression among university students has an adverse effect on the wellbeing and academic performance of students. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among Debre Birhan university students. Methodology: Institutional based cross-sectional study design is conducted in Debre Birhan University from April to June 2013 E.C. Three hundred sixty nine students participated in this study which was selected by simple random sampling technique. Data were collected by using a self-administered PHQ-9 standard depression questionnaire. First the data was entered into in Epidata 3.1 and then was exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Associated factors were identified using binary logistic regression and variables with a p-value < 0.05 were declared as statistically significant factors with the outcome variables. Result: All of the study subjects were between ages 18 and 33 with a mean age of 22.65 9 ± 2.78. The overall prevalence of depression is 17.1%. Among this according to PHQ-9 scores cut scores, 161(43.6 %) scored as normal (0–4), 145(39.3%) scored as mild (5–9), 53(14.4%) scored as moderate (10–14), 4(1.1%) scored as moderately severe (15–19) and 6(1.6%) students scored as sever (> 20). In multivariate analysis being female AOR = 9.28[3.47–24.81], academic year AOR = 0.236[0.059–0.936], smoking 26.3[9.33–74.1] and alcohol use AOR of 2.62[0.95–7.21] are significantly associated with depression. Conclusion and recommendation: This study found a considerable proportion of undergraduate students with depression. Higher institutions need to pay special attention to students especially those who are female, junior students, smokers and alcohol users.

Determinants of Exclusive Breast Feeding Practice among HIV Positive Mothers in North East Ethiopia: A mixed method study

Background: Exclusive breast feeding (EBF) of Human Immune Virus (HIV) exposed infants for the first six months is strongly recommended and vital for protecting them against common childhood illnesses including diarrhea and pneumonia. Despite its benefit, EBF practice is low in developing countries including Ethiopia. There is a paucity of evidence for factors associated with EBF among HIV positive mothers. Objectives: To assess exclusive breast feeding practice and its associated factors among HIV positive mothers attending Prevention of mother to child transmission and Anti-retroviral therapy clinics in public Health facilities of Debre Birhan town Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia from February 01, 2020 to Apr 30, 2020Methods: Facility based convergent mixed methods design was used to conduct the study in public Health facilities of Debre Birhan town. Structured interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from 432 participants selected by systematic random sampling technique. Epi info version 7 and SPSS version 20 were used for data entry and analysis respectively. Descriptive and inferential statistics were computed during the analysis. Two focus group discussions and 25 in-depth interviews and observational checklist were held to collect data on barriers for exclusive breast feeding practice and thematic analysis was used to identify important insights on the study topic. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were conducted to select candidate variable and determine adjusted effect of independent variables respectively using p-value less than 0.05. The output from multivariate logistic regression were reported with 95% confidence interval.Results: The prevalence of exclusive breast feeding, mixed feeding and exclusive formula feeding practice were 89.8%, 6.9% and 3.2% respectively. Having information about EBF (No=0.02, 95% CI; 0.01, 0.12), time taking from home to workplace (less than 30 min=4.96, 95% CI; 1.17, 20.95), disclosing HIV status (No= 0.09, 95% CI; 0.02, 0.37), place of residence (urban=5.37, 95% CI; 1.12, 25.77), living with mother/mother in-law (No=6.03, 95% CI; 1.26, 28.86), knowledge about EBF (poor knowledge=0.06, 95% CI; 0.01, 0.34) were main factors for exclusive breast feeding practice. Poor counseling, non-disclosure of HIV status and pressure from mother/mother in-law were the commonly raised reasons by FGD and IDI participants for non-exclusive breast feeding practice. Conclusions: Majority of HIV positive mothers were practicing exclusive breast feeding for the first six month. Strengthening information dissemination, providing quality health services and empowering mothers through integrated interventions help to promote exclusive breast feeding practice among mothers living with HIV.