Demographic profile & correlation between retinal exudates and hematological parameters in leukemic patients

Background: Leukemia is frequently associated with fundoscopic abnormalities. However, no organized effort has been made for analyzing leukemic retinopathy in our country. This study was done to observe the demographic profile and correlation between fundoscopic findings of retinal exudates and hematological parameters in leukemic patients. Materials and Methods: The study was a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study among 50 leukemic patients in Medicine and Oncology departments of Bangladesh Medical College and Hospital (BMCH) from May, 2020 to October, 2020. Fundoscopic examination was done which was reviewed by an ophthalmologist. Collected data was analyzed statistically by using SPSS-17 (Chicago, Illinois). Results: Among 50 leukemic patients’, the fundal lesion was detected in 32 patients (64%), retinal exudates are rare. Only 3 patients (6%) had exudates while others (29 patients, 58%) have retinal hemorrhages. Exudates did not show any statistically significant relationship with types of leukemia (p value = 0.53). There was no statistically significant association between fundal exudates and high white cell count (p = 0.56) or low hemoglobin level (p = 0.11) or low platelet level (p = 0.11). Conclusion: This study has identified retinopathy occurring frequently in leukemic patients. Therefore, an adequate attention should be paid at fundoscopic evaluation while treating leukemic patients.

The history of research of the ophthalmic aspects of hypertension

The awareness of the widespread influence of hypertension on various organ systems is ever increasing. Changes associated with this disease can be observed in the heart, brain, kidneys, but also the organ of vision. These usual microvascular changes are defined as hypertensive retinopathy. During a funduscopic examination, abnormalities such as narrowing of arterioles, symptoms of arteriole and vein intersection, cotton wool spots, intra-retinal exudates, retinal haemorrhages, and in severe cases even swelling of the optic disc and macula. This review presents an overview of the changes at the fundus of the eye that may occur in patients with hypertension, as well as problems with the classification of hypertensive retinopathy over the years, and the development of diagnostic methods in ophthalmology and fundoscopic imaging. Running title: The history of hypertensive retinopathy research

Purtscher-like retinopathy in the setting of acute pancreatitis (clinical case)

A clinical case of bilateral retinopathy consisting of typical zones of ischemia - Purtscher spots, hemorrhages and cotton-like retinal exudates after acute pancreatitis is presented. Typical zones of retinal ischemia and the transparency of the optical media (vitreous) were considered as Purtscher-like retinopathy.

Automated Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy for Early Diagnosis using Exudate Images

Retina plays a vital character in detection of various diseases in early point such as diabetes retinopathy which can be performed by analyzing the retinal images [6]. Diseased patients have to undergo periodic screening of eye. Standouts amongst the most predominant clinical indications of diabetic retinopathy are exudates [17]. To detect diabetic retinopathy in patients the ophthalmologist inspects the exudates by Ophthalmoscopy [17] where recognition of exudates is a vital diagnostic undertaking in which computer help may assume a noteworthy job. But intrinsic characteristics of retinal images detection process is difficult for the ophthalmologists. Here, we proposed another algorithm “Superpixel Multi-Feature Classification" for the programmed automatic recognition of retinal exudates successfully and to encourage ophthalmologist to give better patient finding experiencing diabetic retinopathy, advising them the level of seriousness ahead of time. The performance of algorithm has been compared as a result, the outcomes are effective and the sensitivity and specificity for our exudates identification is 80% and 91.28%, respectively [15].

Retinal Exudates Detection Using Binary Operation and Hard Exudates Classification Using Support Vector Machine

Retinal exudates considered as a symptom of Diabetic retinopathy(DR) is one of most significant reason for visual deficiency. This paper focusses on early detection of hard exudates and to diagnose DR. Binary operations based exudate detection and SVM based hard exudate classification is discussed in this study. The RGB channel of fundus image is converted to HSI colour space for improved noise suppression and optic disc is eliminated preservinsg the blood vessels. In the final stage, hard exudates are classified using SVM classification. In order to evaluate the proposed approach, experiment tests are carried out on different set of images and the results are verified. The results are promising and suggest that the proposed method could be a diagnostic aid for ophthalmologists in the screening of DR

Neuroretinitis

Neuroretinitis is an inflammatory condition that results in acute painless monocular vision loss. It is characterized by unilateral optic disc edema with fluid extending from the peripapillary region into the macula. As the fluid resorbs, retinal exudates develop in a stellate configuration to produce a characteristic macular star. In this chapter, we begin by reviewing the clinical features of neuroretinitis. We next discuss potential causes of neuroretinitis, which includes infections (e.g., cat-scratch disease) and inflammatory disorders (e.g., sarcoidosis). We then discuss the laboratory workup of neuroretinitis. Lastly, we review the management options for neuroretinitis and factors influencing the prognosis for visual recovery.