SAR Mocomp by machine Learning

All unmanned aerial vehicles that use synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems are equipped with inertial navigation systems (INS) to reduce motion error. Additional motion compensation (MOCOMP) from the data itself is still necessary to achieve required accuracy of a SAR. An affordable method for small drones has yet to be created. We propose machine learning with deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract motion error such as sway (right and left) and surge (forward). Results show that the CNN is capable of recognizing gradual drone motion deviations. It has the potential to pick up sudden motion error as well, overcoming major deficiencies of traditional MOCOMP methods, and the need for INS.

Seismic Analysis

An earthquake is caused by sudden motion of the earth's crust. Every year, tens of thousands of earthquakes of all sizes occur all over the world. Some cause tiny or major tremors, others occur in remote areas where no one lives. This chapter allow readers to find out more about the earth structure as well as earthquake nature. Therefore, to detail the definition and construction of a spectrum, a presentation of earthquake analysis is given. In order to become familiar with this analysis, two applications are presented at the end of the chapter with a detailed solution.

Effect of Motion Artifact on Variation in Heart Rate Variability Parameters

The heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive way properly for investigating the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) as well as to predict cardiovascular diseases. To guarantee an accurate HRV analysis, a motion artifact-free HRV recording must be obtained. However, complete removal of a motion artifact is impossible when measuring heartbeats for 5 min, and the motion artifact due to sudden ANS activity must be taken into consideration for the HRV parameters. And, the ANS balance has thus far been evaluated by each individual HRV parameter calculated for a single 5 min HRV segment, leading to the dynamic activity of the ANS within the same period being ignored. Therefore, to resolve this problem, HRV parameters for ultra-short-term segments that are short enough to reflect a sudden motion artifact must be analyzed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a motion artifact on the variation in HRV parameters to provide detailed information on ANS activity. The 121 ultra-short-term HRV segments were created by moving a 1-min window forward by a time shift interval of 2 s for the entire 5 min HRV segment. The ratios of Ln LF to Ln HF in these ultra-short-term segments and a single 5 min segment with a motion artifact were 0.89 and 1.06, respectively, while those in a motion artifact-free HRV segment were 0.75 and 0.93, respectively. This variation test for a short-term motion artifact and motion artifact-free HRV dataset was found to affect the SDNN (7.73 and 2.68), SD2 (11.44 and 4.42), TINN (40.33 and 9.92), and Ln HF (0.37 and 0.13) the most in terms of the standard deviation, respectively. Taken together, the mean HRV parameters of many ultra-short-term segments might play an important role in evaluating dynamic ANS activities within a short-term segment, avoiding the false conclusions made by the traditional HRV analysis.

Ground instability in the old town of Agrigento (Italy) depicted by on-site investigations and Persistent Scatterers data

We combine on-site investigations with the interpretation of satellite Persistent Scatterers (PS) to analyse ground instability in the historic town of Agrigento, Italy. Geological and geomorphologic surveys, together with geostructural and kinematic analyses, depict the deformational patterns of the northwestern sector of the town, previously documented by extensive literature available for the neighbouring Valley of the Temples. The geological and geomorphologic maps are reconstructed by combining bibliographic studies, field surveys and aerial stereo-interpretation. ERS-1/2 PS data reveal deformation velocities up to 18–20 mm yr−1 in 1992–2000 over the Addolorata landslide, and a sudden motion of 1.6 cm over the Bishop's Seminary in 1999. RADARSAT-1 PS data highlight velocities of 3.0 mm yr−1 for St. Gerlando's Cathedral and reveals worsening of its structural instability since 2006. Ground instability of the town is controlled by low quality and high fracturing of the Agrigento formation rock masses, and the remarkable contrast between different mechanical behaviours of its calcarenite (brittle), silt and clay (plastic) facies. Slow landslides and widespread erosion are also recognised in the clays of the underlying Monte Narbone formation. Coexistence of these factors induces progressive retrogression of the edge of the Girgenti hill and damages the overlying historic buildings, whose stability and safe accessibility are nowadays almost compromised.

Between Erlebnis and Erfahrung: Cinema Experience with Benjamin

The ‘turn’ to emotion and affect in film and media studies may take its distance from earlier ways of understanding spectatorial involvement (modelled on psychoanalytic notions of identification). But such approaches, whether cognitivist in intent, or inspired by phenomenology, also return to an earlier interest in bodily sensations and somatic responses when exposed to sudden motion and moving images (associated with ideas such as innervation, shock and over-stimulation). The essay proposes to bring Walter Benjamin into the debate, with a term central to his idea of modernity, namely ‘experience’, and to revive his distinction between Erfahrung and Erlebnis. Noting certain features of excess and liminiality in contemporary cinema, and mapping them across the three distinct domains of body, time and agency, Benjamin's own attempt to locate the emotional core of the technical media is reappraised. Grounded in the peculiar variability but also interdependence of place, narration and perception, the cinema would then appear to provide Erlebnis without Erfahrung, a state formerly associated with trauma, but now the very definition of the media event.