Experience in the treatment of inflammation of the adherent nerve (ischias) by injections of cooled saline solution

Without presenting an immediate danger to life, various kinds of neuralgia, often reaching an extremely strong degree of development, according to the severity of their main symptom, pain, are among the very severe and difficult to bear by patients suffering. The patient's well-being is even more difficult when it is not about neuralgic pains, characterized by attacks of acute pains, which are replaced by light gaps, but about pains that continue continuously, having in their basis a more persistent anatomical process, about neuritic pains.

Off-target Pesticide Movement: A Review of our Current Understanding of Drift Due to Inversions and Secondary Movement

Pesticide drift has been a concern since the introduction of pesticides. Historical incidences with off-target movement of 2,4-D and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) increased our understanding of pesticide fate in the atmosphere related to aerial pesticide applications. More recent incidences with dicamba have brought to light gaps in our current understanding of aerial pesticide movement following ground pesticide applications. In this paper, we review current understanding of inversions and other weather and environmental factors that contribute to secondary pesticide movement and highlight questions that need to be addressed. Factors that influence volatility and terminology associated with the atmosphere, such as cool air drainage, temperature inversions, and radiation cooling will be discussed. We also present literature that highlights the need to consider the role(s) of wind in secondary drift in addition to the role in physical drift. With increased awareness of pesticide movement and more herbicide-resistant traits available than ever before, it has become even more essential that we understand secondary movement of pesticides, recognize our gaps in understanding, and advance from what is currently unknown.

Wing Morphology and Body Design in Opsiphanes and Caligo Butterflies Match the Demands of Male Mating Displays (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

There is noticeable variation in male mate-seeking behavior among species of Brassolini butterflies. Males of Opsiphanes Doubleday and Caligo Hübner (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) species perform crepuscular displays along forest edges and in light gaps. While male Opsiphanes perform aerial displays, Caligo males perch and wait for receptive females. A comparison of five species of each genus suggests that male display behavior is associated with, and has likely influenced the evolution of their wing attributes and body design. Opsiphanes males have higher wing aspect ratio and more distal centroid position than congeneric females, suggesting that the energetic demands of aerial displays led to sexual dimorphism in wing morphology. In contrast, male and female Caligo generally showed similar wing morphology, which possibly results from the lower energy expenditure of perching behavior when compared with active flight. Likely due to a genetic correlation between sexes, female Opsiphanes and Caligo are more similar in wing morphology and body design to their congeneric males than to each other. Based on our analyses, we make predictions about reproductive behavior for four species in which male mating displays are unknown.

Regional and Local Genetic Variation in Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum)

Nonnative M. vimineum has been expanding rapidly in the eastern United States, where it can negatively affect plant communities. Locally, the species is assumed to spread from roadsides into nearby forests, where it can form dense populations after disturbances, especially in light gaps. Using microsatellite markers, we quantified patterns of genetic variation and structure among populations at nine sites in West Virginia. We then examined patterns of local dispersal within each population, focusing on subpopulations along the roadside, those coalescing nearby along the forest edge, and subpopulations in the interior forest. We found that levels of genetic variation of M. vimineum were relatively low overall across populations but with genetic structure present among populations (Fst = 0.60). Within populations, subpopulations along the roadside were genetically variable, containing 4 to 22 unique, multilocus genotypes. Many of these genotypes were also identified in the adjacent forest, consistent with local, diffusive spread from the roadway. However, several genotypes in the interior forest were unique to the population, indicating that dispersal from other sites may also occur. Overall, it appears that genetic diversity and structure in M. vimineum reflects a variety of processes, including localized dispersal and long-distance migration.

Variation in leaf structure of the invasive Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia, Basellaceae) at different light levels

Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) is a climber in the angiosperm family Basellaceae. It is native to South America and has naturalised in Australia. It is regarded as a serious environmental weed because of the structural damage it causes to native vegetation. The present study, for the first time, documents anatomical and morphological traits of the leaves of A. cordifolia and considers their implications for its ecology and physiology. Plants were grown under three different light levels, and anatomical and morphological leaf characters were compared among light levels, among cohorts, and with documented traits of the related species, Basella alba L. Stomata were present on both the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf, with significantly more stomata on the abaxial side and under high light. This may account for the ability of this species to fix large amounts of carbon and rapidly respond to light gaps. The leaves had very narrow veins and no sclerenchyma, suggesting a low construction cost that is associated with invasive plants. There was no significant difference in any of the traits among different cohorts, which agrees with the claim that A. cordifolia primarily propagates vegetatively. The anatomy and morphology of A. cordifolia was similar to that of B. alba.

Distribution of piston compression ring pressure against the deformed cylinder wall

The following study presents typical cylinder deformations that come up during engine assembly and operation and provides results of analysis of how these changes affect the operation of the compression ring. Special attention has been paid to the effect of cylinder diameter increase on the distribution of the circumferential wall pressure and the cause of light gaps formation has been explained. The analyses presented in the following paper have been carried out using a computer program that has been formulated based on a compression ring mathematical model. Exemplary results of simulation have been obtained for a medium speed generator engine of a cylinder diameter of 0.48 m.

Reactions of the herb and moss layer, tree saplings and the shrub layer to tree deaths in forests of the Wielkopolska National Park (Western Poland)

This study examines the impact of canopy and canopy gaps on the development of lower forest layers in five protected phytocoenoses of oak-hornbeam habitats (natural and regeneration stands) and oak-pine habitats in the Wielkopolska National Park (WPN). In the studied forests the most common form of dead trees are those which are uprooted (45–59%), while the most frequently dying tree is pine (40–88%). The total area of gaps in relation to the studied forest area ranges from 329 to 2356 m2/ha.The study reaches the following key conclusions. Gaps do not affect bryophyte richness and cover. The impact of gaps on the herb layer is not uniform for the investigated forests. Gaps often, though not in all cases, cause a significant increase in the total herb layer cover, vascular antrophophyte cover, vascular species richness and a greater H′ diversity. Change in the cover of grasses and lianas to the thinning are not statistically significant. The greatest increase was observed in perennial herbs (mainly dicotyledones). In tree stands under regeneration change gaps are characterized by a rising cover of woody perennials and pioneer species of the Rubus genus. The increase in the herb layer cover does not diminish the cover of tree seedlings. To generalize: differences in the herb layer between the canopy and gaps are greater for forests of oak-hornbeam habitats than for oak-pine forest. The strength of the influence of light gaps on the herb layer is determined by such traits of the pytocoenoses as: density, species composition of tree stand, overshadowing abilities of species present in the canopy, domination or co-domination of one or two species in the herb layer.