Behavior of rats treated with Rhus toxicodendron 200cH

One of the main pathogenetic characteristics of Rhus toxicodendron (Rhus-t) is the presence of articular pain and aggravation on standing, which improve only by motion. The present study proposes an experimental model to evaluate the action of Rhus-t 200cH. Rats were divided into 3 groups according to treatment received (Rhus-t, diazepam and water); each group was further divided into two sub-groups according to the initial pattern of behavior (hyperactive and hypoactive) as assessed by open-field procedure. A second evaluation of behavior performed 24 hours later pointed out to the effects of the medications under study. Results were analyzed through Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn’s test, with a level of significance p=0.05. Keywords: Rhus toxicodendron; Animal behavior; Open-field; Idiosyncrasy.  Conduta de ratos tratados com Rhus toxicodendron 200cH Resumo Uma das características patogenéticas principais de Rhus toxicodendron (Rhus-t) é a presença de dor articular e agravação em pé, melhorando exclusivamente com o movimento. O presente estudo propõe um modelo experimental para avaliar a ação de Rhus-t 200cH. Ratos foram divididos em 3 grupos de tratamento (Rhus-t, diazepam e água); cada grupo doi subdividido em 2 subgrupos de acordo com o padrão inicial de conduta (hiper e hipoativos) em procedimento de campo aberto. Uma segunda avaliação da conduta, realizada 24 horas após, indicou o efeito dos medicamentos sob estudo. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Ealis/Dunn com nível de significância p=0,05. Palavras-chave: Rhus toxicodendron; comportamento animal; Campo aberto; idiossincrasia.  Conducta da ratones tratados con Rhus toxicodendron 200cH Resumen Una de las principales características patogenéticas de Rhus toxicodendron (Rhus-t) es la presencia de dolor articular y agravación de pie, que mejora exclusivamente por el movimiento. Este estudio propone un modelo experimental para evaluar la acción de Rhus-t 200cH. Ratones fueron divididos en 3 grupos de tratamiento (Rhus-t, diazepam y agua); cada grupo fue subdividido en 2 subgrupos según el padrón inicial de conducta (hiper e hipoactivos) en procedimiento de campo abierto. Una segunda evaluación de la conducta, realizada 24 horas después, indicó el efecto de los medicamentos en estudio. Los resultados fueron analizados por el test de Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn con nivel de significancia p=0,05. Palabras-clave: Rhus toxicodendron; Comportamiento animal; campo abierto; Idiosincrasia.  Correspondence author: Leoni Villano Bonamin; Universidade Paulista, Brazil; [email protected] How to cite this article: Rocha MPS, Soares FM, Martini LC, Bonamin LV. Behavior of rats treated with Rhus toxicodendron 200cH. Int J High Dilution Res [online]. 2008 [cited YYYY Mmm DD]; 7(22): 3-6. Available from: http://journal.giri-society.org/index.php/ijhdr/article/view/265/333. ÂÂÂ

Excitation/inhibition imbalance and impaired neurogenesis in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders

The excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance controls the synaptic inputs to prevent the inappropriate responses of neurons to input strength, and is required to restore the initial pattern of network activity. Various neurotransmitters affect synaptic plasticity within neural networks via the modulation of neuronal E/I balance in the developing and adult brain. Less is known about the role of E/I balance in the control of the development of the neural stem and progenitor cells in the course of neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Recent findings suggest that neural stem and progenitor cells appear to be the target for the action of GABA within the neurogenic or oligovascular niches. The same might be true for the role of neuropeptides (i.e. oxytocin) in neurogenic niches. This review covers current understanding of the role of E/I balance in the regulation of neuroplasticity associated with social behavior in normal brain, and in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies are required to decipher the GABA-mediated regulation of postnatal neurogenesis and synaptic integration of newly-born neurons as a potential target for the treatment of brain diseases.

Classification Algorithm Based on Nodes Similarity for MANETs

This article describes an algorithm of classification by similarity of nodes in a MANET (Clustering). To optimize a network performance without influencing others, we must act only on the cluster structure. Any additional calculation clutters more the system. To overcome this limitation, a strong classification method is needed. The purpose of classification algorithms is the search for an optimal partition. This optimum is obtained iteratively refining an initial pattern randomly selected by reallocating objects around mobile centers. In order to partition the nodes into clusters, we used this technique (iterative reallocation) from the well known k-means algorithm. The algorithm conception is based on the k-means method that we improved and adapted to make it suitable for mobile ad hoc networks. The algorithm is implemented on OLSR giving birth to a new routing protocol: OLSRKmeans.

Perkembangan Kubah Batu, Masjid Damaskus, Perluasan Masjid Al-Haram dan Masjid Nabawi pada Masa Khalifah Abdul Malik Bin Marwan dan Walid Bin Abdul Malik

This research describes the building that was built and renovated during the regimes of Khalifah Abdul Malik bin Marwan and Walid bin Abdul Malik. The method used in this study is the historical method, which uses the approach of cultural anthropology, and the theory of cultural acculturation. The technique of data collection is by literature study. The result of this research is in the era of Abdul Malik bin Marwan, built Qubat as-Shkhrah/Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, until today become one of the greatest Islamic monuments. In the Dome of the Rock Mosque, the masonry building style mixed from Byzantine and Persian culture. In the era of Walid bin Abdul Malik built the famous grand mosque of Damascus Mosque. The construction of the mosque was also affected by the Byzantine culture, because the earlier Damascus mosque was a converted church to become a mosque. The effect on the original building form has a simple pattern, having gained influence from the outside culture adds to the shape of the building and does not change the initial shape of the initial pattern. During the reign of Khalifah Abdul Malik and al-Walid I did an expansion in Masjid al-Haram and Masjid Nabawi.

The Reduplicative System of Ancient Greek and a New Analysis of Attic Reduplication

The Ancient Greek perfect tense poses an interesting empirical puzzle involving reduplication. While consonant-initial roots display a phonologically regular alternation based on cluster type, vowel-initial roots display two distinct patterns whose distribution is not phonologically predictable. The reduplicative grammar that generates the consonantinitial patterns is directly compatible with the productive vowel-initial pattern, vowel lengthening. The minority vowel-initial pattern, “Attic reduplication,” both its shape and its distribution, can be explained as a phonotactic repair that operated at a prior stage of the language. This pattern was later reanalyzed, such that Attic reduplication is retained not as a phonotactic repair but through lexical indexation.

Cultural factors that affected the spatial and temporal epidemiology of kuru

Kuru is a prion disease which became epidemic among the Fore and surrounding linguistic groups in Papua New Guinea, peaking in the late 1950s. It was transmitted during the transumption (endocannibalism) of dead family members at mortuary feasts. In this study, we aimed to explain the historical spread and the changing epidemiological patterns of kuru by analysing factors that affected its transmission. We also examined what cultural group principally determined a family's behaviour during mortuary rituals. Our investigations showed that differences in mortuary practices were responsible for the initial pattern of the spread of kuru and the ultimate shape of the epidemic, and for subsequent spatio-temporal differences in the epidemiology of kuru. Before transumption stopped altogether, the South Fore continued to eat the bodies of those who had died of kuru, whereas other linguistic groups, sooner or later, stopped doing so. The linguistic group was the primary cultural group that determined behaviour but at linguistic boundaries the neighbouring group's cultural practices were often adopted. The epidemiological changes were not explained by genetic differences, but genetic studies led to an understanding of genetic susceptibility to kuru and the selection pressure imposed by kuru, and provided new insights into human history and evolution.

Revealed Comparative Advantage and Trade Specialisation: The Case of India

The law of comparative advantage forms the basis of international trade, which has been the backbone of the commercial world for long. In a bid to open up the economy and integrate it with the world economy, India has been undertaking a series of economic reforms since 1991, including trade reforms. In this light, this paper attempts to identify the sectors/commodities where India holds comparative advantage. The study also attempts to map the technological structure of India‟s exports, and also analyse the structural changes in the pattern of trade specialisation. The study has been conducted using data relating to exports of all 97 commodities of the Harmonized System (HS-1992) classification for three periods namely average over 1996-98, 2003-05 and 2011-13. The study found that India holds comparative advantage in a variety of products. However, an overall deterioration in India‟s RCA indices over the three periods was also found. The examination of the structural changes in the Revealed Comparative Advantage to find out whether the initial pattern of trade specialisation has strengthened or weakened revealed that India is in the stage of de-specialisation. So, there is a need for India to take steps in order to strengthen its comparative advantage.

POTENSI PENGEMBANGAN SADE SEBAGAI DESA WISATA LOMBOK

The background of the problems in this study is the decreasing quality of Sade hamlet amid rising tourist arrivals. From the environmental aspect, the conditions of the hamlet began to decline, in which the initial pattern of Sade has started a lot of changes towards the deficient and began to leave the local tradition. One effort to improve the condition of Sade hamlet in social, cultural and the environmental aspect is through the formulation of a sustainable structuring, the presence and identity maintaining and making a sustainable Tourism Village. Through analysis of AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) by collecting the perceptions of some experts through interviews and questionnaires, obtained by weighting the priority of the experts, namely the preservation of culture as an element of priority-level goals to be achieved in the development of Sade Hamlet as a tourist village at 0,476. While the determination of the level of the main criteria in the achievement of these objectives is the highest weight while maintaining a typical village environment at 0.319. Priority strategies that get the highest weight of the experts is that Sade Hamlet Revitalization with a priority weighting of 0.583. The second priority is the relocation of Hamlet at 0.235. Lowest weighting or last priority is Replication Sade Hamlet at 0.182.