Some aspects of squall over Indira Gandhi International airport, New Delhi

A study is undertaken to analyse the characteristics of squall over Delhi and to find out the potential precursors for its prediction. For this purpose, the squall data of Indira Gandhi International (IGI) airport along with the surface and upper air meteorological parameters recorded by India Meteorological Department have been considered for all individual months over the period of 2001-2010. Apart from the characteristics like period of occurrence, intensity, duration, frequency and nature of squall, the environmental changes due to squall and thermodynamic features and indices leading to squall have been analysed. Higher than normal warming of lower troposphere upto 700 hPa level in March, April & June and at 925 hPa in May accompanied with cold dry air advection leading to lower than normal dew point in middle and upper levels (500-300 hPa in March, May and June, 400-300 hPa in April) are favourable for occurrence of the squall over Delhi. The lower level inversion in March and April only also helps in the occurrence of squall. In monsoon months of July- September, cold and dry air advection in middle and upper tropospheric levels (8- 15° C below normal dew point at 400-300 hPa in July, about 15° C below normal dew point at 300-200 hPa in August and 17- 24° C below normal dew point at 500-300 hPa in September) favours occurrence of squall over Delhi. Unlike pre-monsoon months lower level moisture does not play any role for the occurrence of squall over Delhi in monsoon months. Significantly higher than normal SWEAT index in March to September at 0000 UTC can be used as predictor of squall over Delhi on that day. Total totals index is the next suitable precursor for all the months except June.

Spatiotemporal Changes in Precipitation Concentration Indicators Over Iran

This study was conducted to investigate the spatiotemporal variability in precipitation concentration over Iran. For that purpose, daily precipitation data with a spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° from the Asfazari database for the period from 01/01/1962 to 31/12/2019 were used. Three indices including the precipitation concentration index (PCI), precipitation concentration period (PCP), and precipitation concentration degree (PCD) were utilized for examination of the variability in precipitation concentration over the country. The results demonstrated that the central, south-eastern, and eastern parts of the country exhibited maximum temporal precipitation concentration, while the least precipitation concentration could be observed over the Caspian coasts and the northern half of the country. The year 1998 was selected as the change point due to the considerable difference in the values of the examined indices, and the long-term statistical period was divided into two sub-periods before and after the change. During the sub-period after the change point (1999-2019), precipitation concentration has increased in the western, central, eastern, and south-eastern parts of Iran, according to PCI and PCD, and has decreased in the North and Northeast and along the northern coastline of Oman Sea. Furthermore, there have been great spatial differences in the period of occurrence of precipitation along the Northern coasts, according to PCP, varying from November, along the Caspian coasts, to August, along the northern foothills of Alborz Mountains. The PCP index has increased during the sub-period after the change point along the northern coastlines of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea and in parts of the North (along Alborz Mountains), indicating a shift in the period of precipitation from winter to the warm seasons of spring and summer. Moreover, the decrease in PCP in the Northwest and Northeast suggested that the period of occurrence of precipitation has shifted from the second half of winter toward early winter and late fall. After the year of change point, the frequency of rainy days and precipitation have decreased, and PCI and PCD have increased.

An account of low level wind shear over Chennai airport - Part I : Observation and forecasting aspects

Low level wind shear (LLWS) is an aviation hazard. LLWS cases reported by the air crews over Chennai airport from 1987 to 2007 (barring 1992 and 1993 during which period no report is readily available for analysis) have been analysed threadbare. The most favourable time / period of occurrence of LLWS have been documented which has prophylactic value to issue LLWS alert in current weather reports. Richardson number and turbulence index (TI) have been computed for the reported cases of LLWS and the efficacies of these thermodynamical indices have been documented. There were cases of active moderate / severe LLWS cases lasting even beyond 10 hrs duration in contrary to the general belief that LLWS is a short lived phenomenon. The urgency / necessity of having a sizeable LLWS database to devise a suitable warning strategy have been highlighted.

Economic impacts of Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 infection in Brazil: Meta-analysis based on epidemiological indicators

This study aimed to conduct a systematic review to estimate the economic impact of Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1) infection in Brazil using epidemiological indicators through a meta-analysis. Specific descriptors were used to retrieve studies from the Scopus, PubMed, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, and Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações da Capes databases, selecting those that met the inclusion criteria established between the years 2000 and 2020. The selected studies were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis using prevalence data as the primary outcome with a 95% confidence interval (CI) with a meta-analysis of random effects and measures of heterogeneity, significance, magnitude of the effect, and measurement of publication bias. Abortion costs and estimates were calculated based on the prevalence of BoAHV1 infection in Brazil and the characteristics of the agent as viral subtypes that cause abortion, period of occurrence, average pregnancy rate, and morbidity applied to susceptible animals and animal replacement values. The results were obtained from 49 studies included for meta-analysis where a prevalence of BoAHV1 infection of 54.12% (95% CI: 49.07% - 59.26%) in the bovine population and 88.53% (95% CI: 82.97%–92.43%) was present. From the structured formula, it is estimated that 258,779 bovine abortions occur, which causes a total loss, based only on the occurrence of abortion, of US $ 48,402,244.00 to the country. It is noteworthy that because of the losses caused, strict control and eradication measures need to be implemented based on the elaboration of normative instruction that includes health education measures, vaccination, tests for traffic, and animal trade so that BoAHV1 infections do not continue to negatively impact national producers economically, productively, and socially.

Análise do Eixo Vertical de dois Ciclones Extratropicais na América do Sul

Ciclones extratropicais (CE) são sistemas de baixa pressão que ocorrem em latitudes médias (LM) ao longo do ano. São fenômenos vastamente estudados por serem normalmente associados à eventos de precipitação intensa, tempestades e grandes variações de temperatura. Os CEs são inicialmente identificados em superfície, contudo, também são observados até a tropopausa. Características como intensidade e tempo de vida podem estar relacionadas ao seu desenvolvimento em níveis superiores. Assim, este trabalho analisa por meio da estrutura vertical o ciclo de vida de dois CE, os quais se formaram em 31 de dezembro de 2012 e 12 de junho de 2014. Para isto foram utilizados dados em ponto de grade do Climate Forecast System Version 2/National Center for Atmospheric Research (CFSv2/NCAR). Ambos casos apresentaram: maior defasagem (diferença longitudinal entre o sistema em altos e baixos níveis devido à inclinação do seu eixo vertical para oeste) ao longo de seu desenvolvimento, similaridade no período de ocorrência e no menor valor da pressão central, assim como no aprofundamento do ciclone sendo superior a 24 hPa em 24 horas. No inverno (verão) o ciclone obteve maior (menor) defasagem e intensificou-se menos (mais), não sugerindo relação entre a inclinação do eixo vertical e a intensificação do ciclone. A inclinação na vertical para oeste foi mais (menos) acentuada no caso do inverno (verão), além de esboçar um comportamento menos (mais) retilíneo até ficar ocluso. Em ambos casos a vorticidade ciclônica esteve ligeiramente à leste do eixo vertical, estando mais próxima do mesmo no caso do verão. Analysis of Vertical Axis of two Extratropical Cyclones in South America A B S T R A C TExtratropical cyclones (EC) are low pressure systems that occur in mid latitudes (ML) throughout the year. CEs are widely studied phenomena since they are usually associated to events of intense precipitation, storms and large variations of temperature. These systems are initially identified on surface, however, they are also observed up to tropopause. This work analyzes the vertical structure of the life cycle of two EC formed on December 2012 and June 2014. Grid point data (0.5 ° x 0.5 °) from the Climate Forecast System Version 2 / National Center for Atmospheric Research (CFSv2 / NCAR) were used to identify and obtain the longitudinal lag of the pressure centers on the surface and in high levels. Both cases presented: greater lag – longitudinal difference between upper and lower levels due to westward vertical tilt of the axis system – during their development, similarity in the period of occurrence and in the lowest value of central pressure, as well as in the deepening of the cyclone being greater than 24 hPa in 24 hours. In winter (summer) the cyclone obtained a larger (smaller) lag and intensified less (more), suggesting no relationship between the inclination of the vertical axis and the cyclone intensification. The westward vertical tilt was more (less) pronounced in winter (summer) case, besides presenting a behavior less (more) rectilinear until it is occluded. In both cases the most intense cyclonic vorticity was slightly east from vertical axis, being closer of the axis in summer case.Keywords: baroclinic instability; axis of the trough; vertical tilt.

Uterine inflammatory conditions in dairy cows: Diagnosis and treatment

The diagnosis of inflammatory conditions in the uterus depends primarily on the severity of the inflammation process and associated clinical symptoms. Because of the period of occurrence and characteristic signs, severe lesions in the uterus, such as metritis puerperalis, are not difficult to diagnose and do not require the use of diagnostic methods other than clinical examinations and, if necessary, additional tests to determine the general condition of the animals. However, in this case, it is important to precisely identify the pathogenic factor and to determine its susceptibility to antibiotics in order to define further treatment. Endometritis is the biggest diagnostic problem, especially its subclinical form, which can be diagnosed only by additional cytological or histopathological tests. These tests, although available, are not routinely performed in Poland at this time. The latest diagnostic methods, such as immunohistochemical tests or flow cytometry, have provided many previously unknown data, for example, on the action of the local resistance mechanisms in the uterus. Since the immune system of the uterus is not fully known, the above tests may improve the understanding of its activity or may help modulate its functions in the future as a potential preventative measure or treatment for inflammatory conditions of the uterus. The treatment of inflammatory conditions in dairy cows is currently based on two basic methods: intrauterine administration of antibiotics and intramuscular injections of prostaglandin-based preparations. The main goal of the treatment is to improve the fertility of cows in the herd, and since these methods are often ineffective, there have been attempts to treat endometritis with iodine-based preparations and preparations containing enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain). They did not, however, improve the fertility of cows. The administration of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs to eliminate the inflammatory condition of the uterus and to prevent early deaths of embryos at the time of the greatest risk of embryo loss did not increase the number of pregnancies in cows either. Literature data suggest that immunomodulation and the use of probiotics may be useful in the prevention and treatment of endometritis.

Analisis Perlakuan Akuntansi Atas Perolehan Dan Penyusutan Aset Tetap Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Laporan Keuangan

In the treatment of its fixed assets, PT Bahagia Jaya Sejahtera still has a mismatch. The discrepancy is in the recording of the acquisition price of the fixed assets, the company still records the fixed assets based on the purchase price only, while the costs associated with the fixed assets are charged as costs in the period of occurrence, which are charged as administrative and general costs. In addition to those expenses intended to condition the fixed assets so that they are always ready to be used, recorded as administrative and general expenses in the current period, for example in the purchase of fixed assets in the form of machines, PT Bahagia Jaya does not add these costs to the acquisition price of fixed assets. And when calculating depreciation of fixed assets, companies tend to use the straight-line method, whereas there are other methods that can be used to support the company's earnings. From the results of this analysis, it will be known the comparison of the acquisition price of fixed assets and cost allocation as well as the amount of depreciation costs between the company and the SAK regulations. The results of this analysis are presented in the form of comparative financial statements to determine the effect on financial statements. In the income statement, administrative and general costs are recorded to be too high, due to costs that should add to the acquisition value of fixed assets but instead are allocated to administrative and general costs.Thus, to present financial statements especially in Asset accounting treatment, it should be understood and implemented a fixed accounting policy in accordance with financial accounting standards. Keywords: Fixed assets, depreciation, financial statements

ANALISIS KEJADIAN BADAI MAGNETIK BERDASARKAN DATA VARIASI HARIAN MAGNETIK DI KOTA KUPANG

ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian analisis kejadian badai magnetik di Kota Kupang bulan Oktober 2014 sampai bulan September 2016. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan karateristik kejadian badai magnetik serta menentukan periode kemunculan badai magnetik di Kota Kupang. Pengolahan data dengan menggunakan Software Microsoft Excel untuk dibuat grafik data komponen magnet bumi terhadap waktu dan Software Matlab 2011 untuk penentuan periodesitas kejadian badai magnetik menggunakan transformasi fourier cepat (FFT). Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data, karateristik kejadian badai magnetik yang terdapat di daerah penelitian untuk bulan Oktober 2014 sampai September 2016 adalah untuk tingkat aktivitas gangguan magnetik maksimum ditandai dengan nilai K indeks=8, A indeks=54.875 dan penurunan nilai Dst= -121 nT, sehingga dikategorikan badai menengah dan tingkat aktivitas gangguan magnetik minimum ditandai dengan nilai K indeks=3, A indeks=11.5 serta penurunan nilai Dst = -17 nT, sehingga dikategorikan relatif tenang. Periode kemunculan aktivitas magnetik bulan Oktober 2014-September 2016 adalah berada dalam periode satu harian sampai sepuluh harian. Kata kunci : Variasi harian magnetik, badai magnetik, periodesitas, K indeks, A indeks. ABSTRACT The research about analysis of magnetic storm events in Kupang City from October 2014 to September 2016 has been done. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristic of storm events and the period of emergence magnetic storm from Kupang City. The data used is the daily magnetic variation data obtained from Meteorogical Climatological and Geophysical Agency in Kupang City. The data processing using by Microsoft Excel software to create graph data of the earth magnetic components against time and Matlab 2011 sofware to determining the periodicity of magnetic storm events using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). From the results of data processing, the characteristic of magnetic storm events in the study area from October 2014 to September 2016 were for the maximum magnetic interference activity level occurring on june 22th, 2015 due to burst of CME marked by the value of K index = 8, A index = 54.875 and degradation value of DST = -121 nT, so category middle storm and minimum magnetic interference activity level occurred on February 10th, 2015 due to burst of CME and flare marked with value K index = 3, A index =11.5, and decreasing value of DST =-17 nT, thus categorized relatively quietly. The period of occurrence magnetic activity from October 2014 to September 2016 is within a period of one daily to ten daily. Keywords : Daily magnetic variation, magnetic storm, K index, A index.

Pola kemunculan ikan nike (Gobiidae) di Perairan Teluk Gorontalo, Indonesia

Nike fish is one of the fish species found in Gorontalo known to belong to the Gobiidae group. Nike is fishing intensively by local fishermen without considered sustainability aspect. Unfortunately, the comprehensive scientific data for the management purposes of nike fish was not yet available. Therefore, this study aims to assess the period of occurrence of nike fish in the Gorontalo Bay as the initiation of providing scientific information that supports sustainable management goal. Sampling was conducted from March to June 2018 using fish net. The results showed that the period of occurrence of nike fish every month starting from the bay area and move toward the estuary. The emergence of nike fish that began in the eastern part of Gorontalo Bay occurred in March, April, and May 2018. While the appearance of nike fish that started from the western area of the bay occurred in June and July 2018. It was concluded that the duration of occurrence of nike fish in the Gorontalo Bay occurs for 3 to 9 days at the end of the lunar phase.Nike merupakan salah satu spesies ikan yang ditemukan di Perairan Gorontalo yang dikenal berasal dari kelompok gobiidae. Kegiatan eksploitasi ikan nike oleh nelayan belum mempertimbangkan aspek kelestariannya di perairan berpotensi mengancam keberlanjutannya di perairan. Data ilmiah dan komprehensif yang dapat dijadikan acuan pengelolaan ikan nike belum tersedia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan periode kemunculan ikan nike di perairan Teluk Gorontalo sebagai inisiasi penyediaan informasi ilmiah yang mendukung arah pengelolaan yang berkelanjutan. Pengambilan sampel ikan di Perairan Teluk Gorontalo dilakukan pada Bulan Maret sampai Juni 2018 dengan menggunakan jaring ikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa periode kemunculan ikan nike setiap bulan dimulai dari area teluk dan begerak ke arah muara. Kemunculan ikan nike yang dimulai di perairan Teluk Gorontalo bagian timur terjadi pada bulan Maret, April, dan Mei 2018. Sedangkan kemunculan ikan nike yang dimulai dari area barat teluk terjadi pada bulan Juni dan Juli 2018. Secara keseluruhan, durasi kemunculan ikan nike di perairan Teluk Gorontalo terjadi selama 3 sampai 9 hari di fase bulan akhir menjelang bulan baru.