Лингвистическое наследие А. Г. Бессонова как диалектный памятник башкирского языка начала ХХ в.

Goals. The article seeks to sum up Bashkir dialect features traced in early 20th century written monuments authored by the Russian scholar and missionary A. G. Bessonov. Results. Part One of the article discusses the main results of previous detailed analyses into linguistic data contained in the Alphabet Book for Bashkirs (Russ. Bukvar' dlya Bashkir, 1907). Phonetic, morphological, and morphonological elements cited indicate the use of two dialects comparable to the Argayash and Kyzyl subdialects of contemporary Eastern Bashkir. Besides, the edition under consideration contains a unique morphonological type of affixes characteristic of the Qatai subdialect. Part Two provides a first detailed linguistic analysis of language features inherent to Bessonov’s First Reader and First Lessons of Russian for Southeastern Bashkirs (1907). Phonetic, morphological, morphonological, and lexical patterns are compared to contemporary dialect forms examined in works on Bashkir dialectology, as well as to standard Bashkir. This scrupulous analysis at all linguistic levels shows the language of the monument largely approaches the Argayash subdialect, while some peculiar features of other Eastern Bashkir subdialects are also noticeable. Conclusions. The paper makes certain conclusions as to dialect affiliation of language patterns involved in the compilation of monuments under study. Special attention is paid to the significance of Bessonov’s works for the history of Bashkir linguistics and dialectology, as well as to his role in teaching literacy to Bashkirs.

The Languages to Sell in Two Commercial Sites in an Indonesian Small Town

The primary goals of this research are to determine the language patterns of the signs, characterize the employment of different languages in these patterns, and explain the language situation reflected by the LL signals in the two locations. It applied a mixed method (Cresswell: 2018). The subject of this research includes shop signs, slogans, and also some of the advertising signs displayed in the sites. The signs were then seen from the number of languages displayed and their source. For the analysis, it adopted the view of Scollon and Scollon and Scollon-Wong (2003). Based on the results of the analysis, the signs can be classified as monolingual, bilingual, or multilingual. The languages displayed there are Indonesian, Javanese, English, Japanese, Arabic. The first three languages are the dominant in any kind of signs collected from these sites. The presence of more than a language in sign has proved that the languages displayed tend to be complement to each other as they bear different information (and sometimes) functions. English is taken for its commerciality and prestige, Indonesian is employed for its communicative role, and Javanese is relied for its shared identity and closeness.

Krytycznie o gatunku – Lema i Dukaja poglądy na fantastykę naukową

In the essay Science fiction: a hopeless case - with exceptions, Stanisław Lem spoke negatively about science fiction (but also about its authors and fans), proving its secondary nature and entanglement in market laws, pointing out the lack of reliable criticism from outside the fandom and flattering the tastes of recipients who only seek entertainment in literature. The author of Solaris included science fiction in the “lower kingdom” of literature, contrasting it with mainstream (“upper kingdom”). Thus, he symbolically strengthened the division into the fantastic “ghetto” and mainstream literature.Jacek Dukaj also spoke about science fiction in a slightly less categorical tone. In the essay Krajobraz po zwycięstwie, czyli polska fantastyka AD 2006 [Landscape after victory, or Polish fantasy AD 2006], the author of Ice noticed similar problems that Lem had seen in the past (lack of external criticism, lack of ambition, stagnation and reluctance of SF writers to go beyond plot and language patterns, flattering fashions and treating science fiction prose only as entertainment literature); however, unlike Lem, he seemed to be interested in the fate of his environment and proposed specific solutions that could raise the rank of science fiction.

The Language of Creativity: Validating Linguistic Analysis to Assess Creative Scientists and Artists

The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to be among the first attempts to validate linguistic analysis as a method of creativity assessment and second, to differentiate between individuals in varying scientific and artistic creativity levels using personality language patterns. Creativity is most commonly assessed through methods such as questionnaires and specific tasks, the validity of which can be weakened by scorer or experimenter error, subjective and response biases, and self-knowledge constraints. Linguistic analysis may provide researchers with an automatic, objective method of assessing creativity, and free from human error and bias. The current study used 419 creativity text samples from a wide range of creative individuals mostly in science (and some in the arts and humanities) to investigate whether linguistic analysis can, in fact, distinguish between creativity levels and creativity domains using creativity dictionaries and personality dimension language patterns, from the linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC) text analysis program. Creative individuals tended to use more words on the creativity keyword dictionaries as well as more introversion and openness to experience language pattern words than less creative individuals. Regarding creativity domains, eminent scientists used fewer introversion, and openness to experience language pattern words than eminent artists. Text analysis through LIWC was able to partially distinguish between the three creativity levels, in some cases, and the two creativity domains (science and art). These findings lend support to the use of linguistic analysis as a partially valid assessment of scientific and artistic creative achievement.

Representasi Multilingualisme Penanda Sarana Pariwisata di Kawasan Wisata Canggu

This paper, as part of the study of Landscape Liguistics, aims to reveal how the multilingualism is represented in the public space in this area. In addition, to find out how the structure of writing and language patterns used in public spaces in the area. To collect the data, the method used in this research is the documentation method, then the data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that there were 13 languages ??used in public spaces, especially on markers of existing tourism facilities. English is the most dominant language used, Latin writing is also used in almost all markers, and also the language pattern that uses 2 - 3 different languages ??has shown this area to be considered as an international region.

The Relationship Between the Acquisition of Language Patterns and Oral Expression Skills Among Students with Learning Difficulties in the English Language During the Covid-19 Pandemic

This study aimed at identifying the relationship between the acquisition of language patterns and oral expression skills among students with learning difficulties in the English language during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study used the experimental approach and implemented the program on a sample of 84 students divided into an experimental group (n = 42) and a control group ( n = 42). The instruments of the study consisted of the training program, a test of language patterns, and a test for the evaluation of oral expressive performance. The study found the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the acquisition of language patterns and oral expression skills among students with learning difficulties in the English language.

THE ROLE OF İNTONATİON İN THE CONNECTİON OF COMPOUND SENTENCE COMPONENTS İN AZERBAİJANİ FOLKLORE MATERİALS

The article discusses the role of intonation as a means of connecting the components of compound sentence structures in Azerbaijani folklore materials. Folklore materials are examples of oral language that reflects the national culture of our nation. These oral language patterns are expressed by different sentence structures. One of the sentence structures expressing the essence and content of our folklore is compound sentence structures. Compound sentences are a syntactic unit formed by the semantic and grammatical combination of sentences with equal rights. Since compound sentence structures in folklore materials are oral language material, its components are more associated with intonation. Intonation is related to the sentence and is the action of the sound in the sentence. In the process of speech, intonation is widely used in the expression of various feelings of joy, sorrow, anger, supplication, joy, etc. Intonation also serves to clarify the purpose of utterance in compound sentences. Thus, the components of this sentence are mostly pronounced with the same type of narration, or question, or command, or emotionally intonation. Due to the structural features and the nature of the intonation, there are connections of meaning, connection, cause and effect, clarification, comparison, distribution between the components of compound sentences. Most of the components of compound sentences without this meaning are connected to each other through intonation. In addition to connect the intonation components in compound sentences in folklore materials, it also serves as an artistic means of decorating their sound and has an important stylistic role, providing easy, concise and emotional expression of thought with colorful colors.

On Investigations of Paradigm of Extension in Spanish Studies During 1970–2020

The article studies the linguistic mechanisms that indicate the structural (syntactic) extension of the sentence in modern Spanish, which in special studies is unreasonably associated with the phenomenon of redundancy. We analyze the works of Russian and foreign hispanists, which appeared from the 70s of the 20 th c. up to the present time. Most of them, written in the context of the phenomenon of linguistic expressivity (as a spontaneous reflection of the affectivity of the speaker / writer), can be considered as separate components of the paradigm of language patterns of extension. The collected material proves that the resources of language extension, being the strategic pillars of communication, do not express (in many cases) the affectivity of the speaking / writing subject, contrary to a popular belief. A significant range of linguistic formations that explicate the phenomenon of the structural extension of the Spanish sentence consists of four types of models that have been poorly studied up to the present time and are mainly qualified as elements of the lexical or phraseological levels in the Spanish studies. These four types are the following: 1) lexical / syntagmatic units that contribute to the communicative extension of the beginning, middle, or end of the sentence; 2) сonstructions of paraphrasing the nuclear components of the sentence; 3) constructions of lexical and syntactic reduplication; 4) constructions of the syntactic emphasis.