Turkish policy in Kazakhstan`s Instagram content: political analysis

The article examines the perception of Turkey by Instagram users in the news resources of Kazakhstan. The use of machine learning methods allows to study a large volume of data to solve the problem. The connection between the formation of the image in the mass media and the perception of international relations among citizens is noted. The role of Instagram in covering political news among Kaznet users is revealed. The analysis of comments was performed with the help of information processing tools. The author states that there is no unified strategy for shaping the image of Turkey among users: Turkey as a discursive image is formed both from the point of view of abstract concepts (economics, health care, politics) and a specific personality, represented by R. Erdogan. Attention is paid to the connotations associated with the ideas of Pan-Turkism and the image of Turkey. It is concluded that users pay more attention to internal problem, comparing information provided by the news with situation in Kazakhstan.

Health-Care Politics in the United States

Comparative studies of health care in the United States and peer nations often highlight a number of distinct features of the American system including high costs, fragmentation, and health inequities. While unique political factors and institutions in the United States are prominent reasons for these disparities, there are also distinct interactions between American politics and cultural, economic, racial, and social factors. Many comprehensive overviews of American health politics and policy begin in the 20th century highlighting the important influence of global and national historical events, such as World Wars I and II, and social movements, including the civil rights movement. Yet, health-care politics in the United States also continues to be shaped by early American history, government institutions, and systems. To understand health-care policy in the United States, it is also necessary to consider the legacy of other non-health factors and their intersections with health politics, including slavery and ongoing racism, early Protestant notions of mortality and self-reliance, the localized nature of private charity and volunteerism, federalism, a public distrust of federal government, and the evolution of health professions, among other factors. Often these historical events and other cultural, economic, or social factors significantly shape public opinion, political participation, and health-care inequities, and in some cases, provide a window of opportunity to advance important health-care reforms. The structure of American government institutions, political parties and growing polarization, unique attributes of elected leaders or policy entrepreneurs, and the power of interest groups, particularly private actors in the health care delivery system, are all significant factors that shape health-care politics in the United States. Contemporary American public health policy literature focuses on efforts to reduce health inequities and improve access to health care as well as the politics of recent reform ideas that promote government regulation and investments in non-health factors such as the environment and social services to reduce population health inequities.

Diminishing Democracy in Health Policy: Partisanship, the Courts, and the End of Health Politics as We Knew It

Despite unprecedented partisanship, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) traced a familiar political arc: a loud debate full of dramatic symbols, a messy legislative process, clashes over implementation, a slow rise in popularity, entrenchment as part of the health care system, and growing support that blocked Congress from repealing. The politics of the ACA looked, from one angle, like a louder version of health politics as usual. But something new was stirring. Opponents pushed the debate outside the elected branches of government and into the courts—a move that reflects past eras of highly racialized conflict. A federal court marked the ACA's tenth anniversary by doing what Congress could not: it struck down the law, although the litigation continues to wend its way through the court system. The ongoing challenge to the ACA rests on a fundamental critique of the entire New Deal dispensation in jurisprudence. The consequence could be a new era in health care politics.

The Affordable Care Act in the States: Fragmented Politics, Unstable Policy

Many argue that the frustrated implementation of the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) stems from the unprecedented level of political polarization that has surrounded the legislation. This article draws attention to the law's “institutional DNA” as a source of political struggle in the 50 states. As designed, in the context of US federalism, the law fractured authority in ways that has opened up the possibility of contestation and confusion. The successful implementation of the ACA varies not only across state lines but also across the various components of the law. In particular, opponents of the ACA have experienced their greatest successes when they could take advantage of weak preexisting policy legacies, high levels of institutional fragmentation, and negative public sentiments. As argued in this article, the fragmented patterns of health care politics in the 50 states identified in previous research have largely persisted during the Trump administration. Moreover, while Republicans were unsuccessful at repealing the legislation, the administration has taken advantage of its structural deficiencies to further weaken the legislation's capacity to expand access to affordable, quality health insurance.

Racial Bias and Public Policy

This article explores psychological science on race bias and its implications in several domains of public policy, with special attention paid to biased policing as an illustrative example. Race bias arises from normal mental processes, many outside our conscious awareness and control. This research directly applies to public policy, especially where concerned with regulating behavior and managing uncertainty. Research links both implicit and explicit racial bias to behavior, and uncertainty exacerbates the influence of bias in decision-making. Sample policy domains—where psychological research, race bias, and public policy intersect—include education, employment, immigration, health care, politics/representation, and criminal justice. Psychological research informs policy by documenting causes and processes, by expert testimony in court, and by generating and evaluating interventions to reduce race bias.

Health Care Politics and Policy

Research on health politics and policy for the near future will be driven by immediate attention to the 2010 health reform bill and by a set of short-term issues that require immediate attention and a set of issues that have long been on the agenda. Federalism is an important component of the 2010 reforms, especially the now-rejected claim of some states that the bill violates the states’ rights to not require insurance coverage, and continued claims that the bill will impose even greater Medicaid costs on the states will receive some research attention. The need for im-proved research designs to get a better understanding of how health policies affect access to care, improved understanding of how state health politics and policy institutions operate, better under-standing of the relationship between behavior and health, and between health and race and eth-nicity are among the longer-term items that are now receiving increased attention among re-searchers.