Individual’s perceivable range and the notion of unexpectedness

Unexpectedness is a person’s subjective perceptions of a certain event but not entirely the objective existence of the event itself. The unexpected moment happens when a person subjectively expects it not to happen as it does or when a person first perceives novel information to which they have no reference in mind. Therefore, there can be two circumstances: 1) unexpectedness from within the perceivable range, and 2) unexpectedness from beyond the perceivable range.

Material Origin in Folklore Texts of Predominantly Historical Themes

The article deals with the issues of architectonics of folklore texts of historical content: Russian and Ukrainian historical songs, historical ballads, dooms and epics. The relevance of the study is due to the search for a synchronous typological similarity between folklore texts of different ethnic, generic, genre, and poetic nature. Special attention is paid to three aspects of the organization of the song plot: its compositional layering, the combination of several principles in it; the plot meaning of allomotives, explicating the material principle; their styling. The definitions of the material and spiritual principles are given. The objective existence of typological similarities at the level of the allomotive organization of Russian and Ukrainian texts related to the classical, traditional and stage-by-stage types of creativity in the field of historical song folklore is shown. It is shown that this similarity can be explained by the reflection in the texts of vital, everyday empiricism and can acquire different stylistic incarnations: reduced everyday, ascertaining, idealizing. The question is raised about the reasons for the axiological differences in the Russian and Ukrainian folklore traditions. It is proved that the explication of the material principle can have different meanings in the organization of the song plot: optional, meaningful within a fragment of the text, plot-forming.

A View for Atmospheric Unpredictability

Based on Chaotic Dynamics, this paper illustrated the necessity of research and the objective existence of atmospheric unpredictability. Actually, inaccurate forecast happens all the time in both operational weather forecasting and climate prediction in which atmospheric unpredictability hides. By means of Discrete Mathematics, this paper also defined the Degree of Hesitation and the Predictable Days with which to discuss and compare the relationship between the predictability and unpredictability of several different forecast objects. In addition, this paper discussed the approaches of evaluating the atmospheric predictability and unpredictability, emphatically showed the Experience Assessment Method. At the last, this paper also proved the existence of atmospheric unpredictability by an example.

Paradox of the duplication of physical information

A thought experiment demonstrates that physicalism about consciousness entails a paradoxical duplication of physical information. Moreover, objective existence acquires the status of a physical property. To avoid this paradox, one requires a concept of objectivity in which individuation is finite and incomplete. Finite individuation requires objective uncertainty and is thus corroborated by the contemporary sciences. Finite individuation and objective uncertainty prevent existence from becoming a physical property, thus defeating physicalism about consciousness and resolving the paradox.

Opportunity-as-Hologram, real or artificial in Entrepreneurship

<div> <div> <div> <p>Entrepreneurship concerns actions under uncertainties. Situated within that uncertainties are opportunities that entrepreneurs seek. How are these opportunities seen? Within the entrepreneurial opportunities are seeds with potentialities. Potentialities for profits. They are the reasons that entrepreneurs act up to exploit and to set in motion the entrepreneurial emergence. The intentionality follows with construction of a coherent set of activities or incoherent intuitive moves to pursue the opportunity, including injecting resources and mobilizing social and material networks. How are opportunities discovered, and perceived? The current academic debates feature discovery and creation. Are they existing independently, with pre-existing reality, even without being observed? Or as some argued that opportunities are not pre-existing in space and time with an objective existence but are subjectively and socially constructed. On contact with such opportunities, what spur entrepreneurs to act and what are the forces at work? Are they real or artificial? Can they be holographic representation and provide cues and signals to entrepreneurs to act? Can opportunity-as-hologram explains how entrepreneurs get inspired and motivated to pursuing the opportunities? </p> <p>This paper will explore, revisit and recast perspectives on opportunities and addressing the subtle conceptual issues at the core of entrepreneurship theories that hold the two views, discovery and creation of opportunities to be both valid and mutually non-exclusive, on holographic terms. In the discussion, this paper will explore implicate order and explicate order which are quantum theory concepts theorized by physicist David Bohm as these theories were developed to explain the bizarre and unpredictable behaviours of subatomic particles, which have strong semblance to the same free-spiritedness and free-will self-organization behaviours of entrepreneurs. </p> <p>Our theorization will have implications for entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial researches relating to quantum science references. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Opportunity-as-Hologram, real or artificial in Entrepreneurship

<div> <div> <div> <p>Entrepreneurship concerns actions under uncertainties. Situated within that uncertainties are opportunities that entrepreneurs seek. How are these opportunities seen? Within the entrepreneurial opportunities are seeds with potentialities. Potentialities for profits. They are the reasons that entrepreneurs act up to exploit and to set in motion the entrepreneurial emergence. The intentionality follows with construction of a coherent set of activities or incoherent intuitive moves to pursue the opportunity, including injecting resources and mobilizing social and material networks. How are opportunities discovered, and perceived? The current academic debates feature discovery and creation. Are they existing independently, with pre-existing reality, even without being observed? Or as some argued that opportunities are not pre-existing in space and time with an objective existence but are subjectively and socially constructed. On contact with such opportunities, what spur entrepreneurs to act and what are the forces at work? Are they real or artificial? Can they be holographic representation and provide cues and signals to entrepreneurs to act? Can opportunity-as-hologram explains how entrepreneurs get inspired and motivated to pursuing the opportunities? </p> <p>This paper will explore, revisit and recast perspectives on opportunities and addressing the subtle conceptual issues at the core of entrepreneurship theories that hold the two views, discovery and creation of opportunities to be both valid and mutually non-exclusive, on holographic terms. In the discussion, this paper will explore implicate order and explicate order which are quantum theory concepts theorized by physicist David Bohm as these theories were developed to explain the bizarre and unpredictable behaviours of subatomic particles, which have strong semblance to the same free-spiritedness and free-will self-organization behaviours of entrepreneurs. </p> <p>Our theorization will have implications for entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial researches relating to quantum science references. </p> </div> </div> </div>

The Market

The market has no independent objective existence beyond the practices that are embedded within particular market institutions. Those practices, in turn, involve learning particular techniques of performance, on the assumption that each market environment rewards a corresponding type of market agency. However, the ability to reflect what might be supposed the right agential characteristics is not an instinct that is hardwired into us from birth. Instead it comes from perfecting the specific performance elements that allow people to recognize themselves as potentially competent actors in any given market context. This chapter takes the reader back to some of the earliest accounts of these performance elements, showing that important eighteenth-century debates about how to flourish as a market actor revolved around little else. In the early eighteenth century, Daniel Defoe emphasized the need for market actors to create convincing falsehoods, hiding their true feelings behind a presentation of self where customers’ whims were always catered to. In the late eighteenth century, Adam Smith was still wrestling with the dilemma of how genuinely the self could be put on display within market environments, believing that customers had a responsibility to curb excessive demands so that merchants’ interests could be respected. This meant not forcing them into knowingly false declarations, so that moral propriety and economic expedience were not necessarily antagonistic forces in the development of merchants’ character.

An Analysis of Chinese English Varieties from the Perspective of Eco-linguistics——A Case Study of Pidgin English

This paper focuses on the nativization of English in China, using Pidgin English as a case study to put Chinese English variants under the theoretical framework of eco-linguistics, and put the ecological environment such as species competition, coexistence and co-evolution, etc. The natural phenomenon is compared with the existence of language phenomenon in the development process of China English represented by Pidgin English.The study found that as the spark of the collision of the two mainstream languages of Chinese and English, the Chinese English varieties play a very important role in the exchange and enrichment of the two languages and cultures. Although academic circles have different attitudes and opinions on Chinese English variants, their existence and development conform to the law of the development of things and are also inevitable in historical development. Blindly ignoring their objective existence will definitely bring adverse effects on the ecological balance of the language. We should face up to the existence of Chinese English variants, comply with the law of language development, and allow it to develop naturally, and make efforts to protect the ecological balance of the world’s languages.

Ontology

This chapter addresses ontology, which is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of being. As a branch of metaphysics, ontology is mainly concerned with the modes of existence of different entities (tangible and intangible). Every subdiscipline in the social sciences relies on an ontology that defines which elements really matter when it comes to explaining the phenomenon they set out to elucidate. A specific branch of ontology is devoted to the modes of existence of social phenomena: social ontology. Two main positions emerge: realism and constructivism. Scientific realism assumes that social phenomena have an objective existence, independent of the subject. By contrast, constructivism claims that social phenomena have no objective existence and are a construction of the human mind. Its fundamental axiom is that, even if reality exists outside the subject’s perception, the subject cannot reach it without perceiving it. This implies the mediation of imaginary structures, which are provided by social groups. It is important to note, however, that many other positions exist apart from realism and constructivism.

The social fact in Durkheim’s late work: Structural hermeneutics, positive sociology, and causality

Émile Durkheim’s late work focuses on représentations collectives, social facts that embody sui generis social forces and that direct behaviour in meaningful ways. The focus on représentations collectives raises questions, but also opens doors for Durkheimian sociology. Many would contend that Durkheim’s focus on représentations collectives introduces a hermeneutical and ideational element that is at odds with his positivist approach. His study of représentations collectives also point to a potentially broad application of his method to the study of culture as a causally autonomous factor in social life. This article will discuss the social fact in Durkheim’s late work in light of these issues. It will argue that représentations collectives are social facts, ‘things’ in Durkheim’s terminology, that are rooted in ritual. They have an objective existence and are causally efficacious, which makes them the object of positive sociology; there is thus no tension between ‘early’ and ‘late’ Durkheim on this point. It will also argue that due to the causally autonomous and inherently meaningful nature of représentations collectives, Durkheim’s approach adds to the Strong Program’s research agenda, albeit with more of a focus on ritual and emotional energy. In so doing the article seeks to build a bridge between the Strong Program and the interaction ritual approach developed by Randall Collins.