scholarly journals Paradox of the duplication of physical information

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Ryabkov
Keyword(s):  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
The Status ◽  
Physical Information ◽  
Objective Uncertainty ◽  
Objective Existence

AbstractA thought experiment demonstrates that physicalism about consciousness entails a paradoxical duplication of physical information. Moreover, objective existence acquires the status of a physical property. To avoid this paradox, one requires a concept of objectivity in which individuation is finite and incomplete. Finite individuation requires objective uncertainty and is thus corroborated by the contemporary sciences. Finite individuation and objective uncertainty prevent existence from becoming a physical property, thus defeating physicalism about consciousness and resolving the paradox.

scholarly journals GAMMA RAYS FROM CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (04) ◽  
pp. 681-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
PASQUALE BLASI ◽  
STEFANO GABICI ◽  
GIANFRANCO BRUNETTI
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Magnetic Confinement ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
Cherenkov Telescopes ◽  
Large Scale Structures ◽  
The Status ◽  
Physical Information ◽  
Scale Structures

Clusters of galaxies and the large scale filaments that connect neighboring clusters are expected to be sites of acceleration of charged particles and sources of non-thermal radiation from radio frequencies to gamma rays. Gamma rays are particularly interesting targets of investigation, since they may provide precious information on the nature and efficiency of the processes of acceleration and magnetic confinement of hadrons within clusters of galaxies. Here we review the status of viable scenarios that lead to the production of gamma rays from large scale structures and are compatible with the multifrequency observations that are already available. We also discuss the possibility of detection of gamma rays with space-borne telescopes such as GLAST and ground based Cherenkov telescopes, and the physical information that may be gathered from such observations.

Uncertainty in Cognition and Social Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-20
Author(s):  
Irina A. Gerasimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Description ◽  
The Public ◽  
Planetary Scale ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Theoretical Status ◽  
The Status ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Objective Uncertainty ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
Cognitive Problems

The article discusses the theoretical status of the category of uncertainty. Instead of the classical definitions of uncertainty as an ontological or epistemological concept, a composite theoretical construct is proposed. In classical science, the objectivist representation of the subject of research was preferred. With the nonclassical type of rationality, there rises problem of including subjective elements in a theoretical description. Attention to subject-subject-object methodologies is increasing due to the complication of communicative interactions in science and society in the digital era. One of the consequences of active innovative projective activity on a planetary scale and increasing risks is the perception in the public mind of uncertainty as a challenge. The author considers it appropriate to study the uncertainty-certainty as a paired category. The category of uncertainty was considered in philosophy, science, and management. The status of uncertainty as infinity and formlessness was recognized by Greek natural philosophers. Classical science developed the methodology of knowing the “infinite limit” through the construction of theoretical schemes (forms) and types of empirical testing. The paradox served as a means of destroying dogmatic schemes. In the context of increasingly complex communications in science, the importance of cognitive problems in the study of collective thinking and the personal beginning of creativity is increasing. Modern economic positivism is distinguished by its rejection of objective uncertainty, and the installation of the ability to efficiently manage exclusively accurate calculations is brought to extremes.

Aluminum Nitride: A Review of the Knowledge Base for Physical Property Development

1989 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Prohaska ◽  
G. R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Nitride ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Ceramic Powder ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Property Development ◽  
The Status

AbstractThe status of the publicly available knowledge base for aluminum nitride and its processing has been briefly reviewed in an attempt to clarify future research needs. Driving forces for the development of a scientific understanding of the property/process relationships have thus far been focused on thermal conductivity. Future developments may well be aimed at (1) retention of presently available properties while attempting to lower ceramic processing temperatures and (2) understanding metal-ALN and polymer-ALN interfaces. Progress has thus far been sufficient to define first generation ceramic powder requirements and sintering conditions to give adequate properties for packaged device evaluation. In addition, metal-ALN interfacial bonding, although not well developed, has shown sufficient promise to insure long-term interest in this material.

scholarly journals Cognitive Modelling of the State of an Object-Based on a Thought Experiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Oleg V. Babak ◽  
◽  
Oleksiy E. Tatarinov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
The State ◽  
Fuzzy Data ◽  
Cognitive Modelling ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Information Models ◽  
The Status ◽  
Future Situation

Introduction. At the current level of development of research in the field of artificial intelligence, it is defined as a set of technological solutions that allow simulating cognitive functions, obtaining results comparable to the results of human intellectual activity. In this regard, the problem arises of creating a technology that imitates the cognitive functions of analyzing the state of objects when the conditions of their functioning change. Analysis of the status of objects in the different problems of environmental, technical, social, political and other nature is carried out most often on information models. The peculiarity of their solution lies in the fact that it is necessary, as a rule, to restore indefinite, sometimes not amenable to quantitative analysis, dependencies and patterns. Since full-scale experiments in these subject areas are often impossible, and sometimes very expensive and even dangerous, the only research method in this case is a thought experiment using the method of experimental perturbations of the state of an object. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to create a method of cognitive modelling based on a thought experiment for the problem of assessing the state of an object from incomplete and fuzzy data. Methods. To implement the method of cognitive modelling based on a thought experiment, the method of a mental complete factor experiment (MСFE) is applied using the method of experimental perturbations. Results. To implement the method of cognitive modelling based on a mental experiment, a procedure has been created that evaluates the state (behaviour) of an object in a present or anticipated future situation based on the method of a mental complete factor experiment (MСFE) using the method of experimental perturbations. The developed procedure makes it possible to obtain solutions to the problem of predicting the state of a certain object in the future using incomplete and fuzzy data and using an expert “built in” to evaluate the forecasting results. Conclusion. The results of the research presented in this article, which are conceptual in nature, show the possibility of creating elements of technology that imitate the cognitive functions of analyzing the state of objects when changing the conditions of their functioning using a thought experiment. The developed method can be used to solve the problems of assessing the state of various objects when creating intelligent information analysis systems in order to obtain new knowledge about the object.

Citizens All the Way Down

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-178
Author(s):  
Markus Patberg
Keyword(s):  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Democratic Legitimacy ◽  
Rational Reconstruction ◽  
Constituent Power ◽  
Member States ◽  
Constitutional Politics ◽  
New Model ◽  
Rational Discourse ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Way

This chapter addresses the question of the EU’s constituent subject. To that end, it conducts an analysis of the principles of democratic legitimacy that processes of constitutional politics in supranational polities should follow. Conducting a rational reconstruction of the established practice of EU constitutional politics, the chapter examines what (the citizens of) the member states have implicitly committed themselves to by embarking on the project of European integration. In a thought experiment, it takes the perspective of citizens of constitutional democracies who seek to found a supranational polity and asks what normative standards for the exercise of constituent power they would agree on in a rational discourse. In this way, the chapter identifies a set of principles of supranational constitution making, which form the normative core of the theory of constituent power in the EU proposed in this book. These principles imply a new model of dual constituent power. Instead of ascribing the member states or their peoples the status of (collective) co-holders of constituent power, they indicate that the EU’s pouvoir constituant mixte consists of citizens all the way down.

scholarly journals What Is Physical Information?

Philosophies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Krzanowski
Keyword(s):  
Physical Information ◽  
Properties Of Information ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Objective Existence ◽  
Substantial Degree

This paper presents the concept of physical information, and it discusses what physical information is, and how it can be defined. The existence of physical information has been discussed in several studies which recognize that properties of information are characteristic of physical phenomena. That is, information has an objective existence, a lack of meaning, and can be quantified. In addition, these studies recognize how a phenomenon that is denoted as physical information can be expressed as an organization of natural or artificial entities. This paper argues that concepts of (abstract) information that are associated with meaning also depend (to a substantial degree) on physical information.

scholarly journals E-values Generated from Substrate Dry-down Models as a Physical Property Measurement for Evaluating and Classifying Wetness of Root Substrates

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-631
Author(s):  
Michael R. Evans ◽  
Giampaolo Zanin ◽  
Todd J. Cavins
Keyword(s):  
Water Status ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Rice Hulls ◽  
The Status ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Property Measurement ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Water Holding

Water-holding capacity represents the volume of water retained by a substrate after a saturating irrigation and drainage, and it is often referred to as container capacity. However, water-holding capacity is a time-specific measurement that is limited to the status of the substrate immediately after saturation and drainage. It does not provide information regarding how quickly water is lost from the substrate, the substrate water status over time, or the irrigation frequency required for a substrate under specific conditions. A new procedure was developed that generated a single numeric value that described the wetness of a substrate and in so doing took into account the substrate's water-holding capacity and drying rate. This value was referred to as an E-value. For substrates included in this study, E-values ranged from a low of 6 for parboiled fresh rice hulls (PBH) to a high of 93 for the commercial substrate Metro Mix 360. The procedure was shown to generate E-values that were as would be expected for the evaluated substrates and also ranked the substrates as would have been expected. Over repeated evaluations, the procedure was demonstrated to have a maximum inherent variability of plus or minus one E-value.

The study of interfacial reactions of nickel thin films on GaAs

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
L.J. Chen ◽  
Y.F. Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Interfacial Reactions ◽  
Metal Contacts ◽  
Nickel Thin Films ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
The Status ◽  
Si Doped ◽  
Electron Microscopes

One measure of the maturity of a device technology is the ease and reliability of applying contact metallurgy. Compared to metal contact of silicon, the status of GaAs metallization is still at its primitive stage. With the advent of GaAs MESFET and integrated circuits, very stringent requirements were placed on their metal contacts. During the past few years, extensive researches have been conducted in the area of Au-Ge-Ni in order to lower contact resistances and improve uniformity. In this paper, we report the results of TEM study of interfacial reactions between Ni and GaAs as part of the attempt to understand the role of nickel in Au-Ge-Ni contact of GaAs.N-type, Si-doped, (001) oriented GaAs wafers, 15 mil in thickness, were grown by gradient-freeze method. Nickel thin films, 300Å in thickness, were e-gun deposited on GaAs wafers. The samples were then annealed in dry N2 in a 3-zone diffusion furnace at temperatures 200°C - 600°C for 5-180 minutes. Thin foils for TEM examinations were prepared by chemical polishing from the GaA.s side. TEM investigations were performed with JE0L- 100B and JE0L-200CX electron microscopes.

Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy: New tools for biology

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 778-779
Author(s):  
CE Bracker ◽  
P. K. Hansma
Keyword(s):  
Physical Property ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
New Family ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Transmission Electron

A new family of scanning probe microscopes has emerged that is opening new horizons for investigating the fine structure of matter. The earliest and best known of these instruments is the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). First published in 1982, the STM earned the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for two of its inventors, G. Binnig and H. Rohrer. They shared the prize with E. Ruska for his work that had led to the development of the transmission electron microscope half a century earlier. It seems appropriate that the award embodied this particular blend of the old and the new because it demonstrated to the world a long overdue respect for the enormous contributions electron microscopy has made to the understanding of matter, and at the same time it signalled the dawn of a new age in microscopy. What we are seeing is a revolution in microscopy and a redefinition of the concept of a microscope.Several kinds of scanning probe microscopes now exist, and the number is increasing. What they share in common is a small probe that is scanned over the surface of a specimen and measures a physical property on a very small scale, at or near the surface. Scanning probes can measure temperature, magnetic fields, tunneling currents, voltage, force, and ion currents, among others.

A photoelectron microscope study of surfaces

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 10-11
Author(s):  
W. Engel ◽  
M. Kordesch ◽  
A. M. Bradshaw ◽  
E. Zeitler
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Mercury Lamp ◽  
Object Surface ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Physical Features

Photoelectron microscopy is as old as electron microscopy itself. Electrons liberated from the object surface by photons are utilized to form an image that is a map of the object's emissivity. This physical property is a function of many parameters, some depending on the physical features of the objects and others on the conditions of the instrument rendering the image.The electron-optical situation is tricky, since the lateral resolution increases with the electric field strength at the object's surface. This, in turn, leads to small distances between the electrodes, restricting the photon flux that should be high for the sake of resolution.The electron-optical development came to fruition in the sixties. Figure 1a shows a typical photoelectron image of a polycrystalline tantalum sample irradiated by the UV light of a high-pressure mercury lamp.

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