Climatic Factors Of The Formation Of The Ravine-Beam System Of The Lower Volga Region

The Lower Volga regional natural complex has a heterogeneity of the relief, which, combined with the climate feature, leads to the degradation of soil covers. Disturbed soil cover with loose rocks is a fast mechanism for the formation of a gully-beam system. Natural natural conditions combined with human activity have led to catastrophic consequences of the withdrawal of land from land use. To prevent the development of these forms, it is necessary to conduct a study of each formation with tracking in a time period.

A Study on Need of CNN based Prediction Model for Covid-19 using Image Data

The covid-19 pandemic has taken a vital role in the overall world. People are making efforts for sustainable peace and development. Thus the result is that the scope of research is also widening continually. In today’s media world, image data takes an essential place in daily lifestyle, so it cannot be neglected. For this particular pandemic scenario, a detecting model mechanism is required that detect accurately for covid-19 positive or negative. Image classification is a very crucial task in computer vision as it is part of image processing. Since it is a pandemic situation, so the need for a fast detecting model, is more. With the help of the image classification model, health workers can achieve good accuracy and immediate result to take action in the particular period, time. It is also an efficient feature because it requires only image data (x-ray images). In this paper, a study on an image classification model is depicted for detecting covid-19 with a fast mechanism, and high accuracy.

Experimental studies on combined production of CH4 and safe long-term storage of CO2 in the form of solid hydrate in sediment

34 mole% CO2 is substituted into the methane hydrate by adding N2 from injection fluid for increasing the performance. Liquid state is the fast mechanism for replacing in situ CH4 with CO2 and involves the formation of a new CO2 hydrate.

Parameter inference for weak lensing using Gaussian Processes and MOPED

ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a Gaussian Process (GP) emulator for the calculation both of tomographic weak lensing band powers, and of coefficients of summary data massively compressed with the MOPED algorithm. In the former case cosmological parameter inference is accelerated by a factor of ∼10–30 compared with Boltzmann solver class applied to KiDS-450 weak lensing data. Much larger gains of order 103 will come with future data, and MOPED with GPs will be fast enough to permit the Limber approximation to be dropped, with acceleration in this case of ∼105. A potential advantage of GPs is that an error on the emulated function can be computed and this uncertainty incorporated into the likelihood. However, it is known that the GP error can be unreliable when applied to deterministic functions, and we find, using the Kullback–Leibler divergence between the emulator and class likelihoods, and from the uncertainties on the parameters, that agreement is better when the GP uncertainty is not used. In future, weak lensing surveys such as Euclid, and the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, will have up to ∼104 summary statistics, and inference will be correspondingly more challenging. However, since the speed of MOPED is determined not the number of summary data, but by the number of parameters, MOPED analysis scales almost perfectly, provided that a fast way to compute the theoretical MOPED coefficients is available. The GP provides such a fast mechanism.

Microfluidic Device for Microinjection of Caenorhabditis elegans

Microinjection is an established and reliable method to deliver transgenic constructs and other reagents to specific locations in C. elegans worms. Specifically, microinjection of a desired DNA construct into the distal gonad is the most widely used method to generate germ-line transformation of C. elegans. Although, current C. elegans microinjection method is effective to produce transgenic worms, it requires expensive multi degree of freedom (DOF) micromanipulator, careful injection alignment procedure and skilled operator, all of which make it slow and not suitable for scaling to high throughput. A few microfabricated microinjectors have been developed recently to address these issues. However, none of them are capable of immobilizing a freely mobile animal such as C. elegans worm using a passive immobilization mechanism. Here, a microfluidic microinjector was developed to passively immobilize a freely mobile animal such as C. elegans and simultaneously perform microinjection by using a simple and fast mechanism for needle actuation. The entire process of the microinjection takes ~30 s which includes 10 s for worm loading and aligning, 5 s needle penetration, 5 s reagent injection and 5 s worm unloading. The device is suitable for high-throughput and can be potentially used for creating transgenic C. elegans.

Sodium-mediated fast electrical depolarization does not prevent polyspermic fertilization in Paracentrotus lividus eggs

SummaryDuring sea urchins fertilization, the activating spermatozoon triggers a series of physiological changes that transforms the quiescent egg into a dynamic zygote. It has been suggested that several of these egg activation events, e.g. sperm-induced plasma membrane depolarization and the Ca2+-linked cortical reaction, play additional roles to prevent the entry of supernumerary spermatozoa. In particular, the abrupt shift in egg membrane potential at fertilization, which is sustained by a Na+ influx, has been considered as a fast mechanism to block polyspermy. To test the relevance of the Na+-mediated fast electrical block to polyspermy, we fertilized sea urchin eggs in artificial seawater with a low concentration of Na+; nearly all the eggs were still monospermic, as judged by the number of Hoechst 33422-stained sperm. When fertilized in normal seawater, eggs that were pre-incubated in the low Na+ medium exhibited impaired elevation of the fertilization envelope. Nevertheless, these eggs manifested entry of a single spermatozoon, suggesting that the fertilization envelope was not the primary determinant of the block to polyspermy. Furthermore, we showed that the abnormal cleavage patterns displayed by eggs pre-incubated in low Na+, which were often considered a hallmark of polyspermy, were due to the alterations in the cortical actin filaments dynamics following fertilization, and not to the formation of multipolar spindles associated with supernumerary sperm centrosomes. Hence, our results suggested that Paracentrotus lividus eggs do not utilize Na+ to rapidly prevent additional spermatozoa from entering the egg, at variance with the hypothesis of an electrical fast block to polyspermy.

Evaluating simplified chemical mechanisms within present-day simulations of the Community Earth System Model version 1.2 with CAM4 (CESM1.2 CAM-chem): MOZART-4 vs. Reduced Hydrocarbon vs. Super-Fast chemistry

While state-of-the-art complex chemical mechanisms expand our understanding of atmospheric chemistry, their sheer size and computational requirements often limit simulations to short lengths or ensembles to only a few members. Here we present and compare three 25-year present-day offline simulations with chemical mechanisms of different levels of complexity using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Version 1.2 CAM-chem (CAM4): the Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) mechanism, the Reduced Hydrocarbon mechanism, and the Super-Fast mechanism. We show that, for most regions and time periods, differences in simulated ozone chemistry between these three mechanisms are smaller than the model–observation differences themselves. The MOZART-4 mechanism and the Reduced Hydrocarbon are in close agreement in their representation of ozone throughout the troposphere during all time periods (annual, seasonal, and diurnal). While the Super-Fast mechanism tends to have higher simulated ozone variability and differs from the MOZART-4 mechanism over regions of high biogenic emissions, it is surprisingly capable of simulating ozone adequately given its simplicity. We explore the trade-offs between chemical mechanism complexity and computational cost by identifying regions where the simpler mechanisms are comparable to the MOZART-4 mechanism and regions where they are not. The Super-Fast mechanism is 3 times as fast as the MOZART-4 mechanism, which allows for longer simulations or ensembles with more members that may not be feasible with the MOZART-4 mechanism given limited computational resources.

Venomous Arachnid Diagnostic Assays, Lessons from Past Attempts

Diagnostic tests for arachnid accidents remain unavailable for patients and clinicians. Together with snakes, these accidents are still a global medical concern, and are recognized as neglected tropical issues. Due to arachnid toxins’ fast mechanism of action, quick detection and quantification of venom is required to accelerate treatment decisions, rationalize therapy, and reduce costs and patient risks. This review aims to understand the current limitations for arachnid venom identification and quantification in biological samples. We benchmarked the already existing initiatives regarding test requirements (sample or biomarkers of choice), performances (time, detection limit, sensitivity and specificity) and their validation (on animal models or on samples from envenomed humans). Our analysis outlines unmet needs for improving diagnosis and consequently treatment of arachnid accidents. Hence, based on lessons from past attempts, we propose a road map for raising best practice guidelines, leading to recommendations for future progress in the development of arachnid diagnostic assays.

Evaluating Simplified Chemical Mechanisms within CESM Version 1.2 CAM-chem (CAM4): MOZART-4 vs. Reduced Hydrocarbon vs. Super-Fast Chemistry

While state-of-the-art complex chemical mechanisms expand our understanding of atmospheric chemistry, their sheer size and computational requirements often limit simulations to short length, or ensembles to only a few members. Here we present and compare three 25-year offline simulations with chemical mechanisms of different levels of complexity using CESM Version 1.2 CAM-chem (CAM4): the MOZART-4 mechanism, the Reduced Hydrocarbon mechanism, and the Super-Fast mechanism. We show that, for most regions and time periods, differences in simulated ozone chemistry between these three mechanisms is smaller than the model-observation differences themselves. The MOZART-4 mechanism and the Reduced Hydrocarbon are in close agreement in their representation of ozone throughout the troposphere during all time periods (annual, seasonal and diurnal). While the Super-Fast mechanism tends to have higher simulated ozone variability and differs from the MOZART-4 mechanism over regions of high biogenic emissions, it is surprisingly capable of simulating ozone adequately given its simplicity. We explore the trade-offs between chemical mechanism complexity and computational cost by identifying regions where the simpler mechanisms are comparable to the MOZART-4 mechanism, and regions where they are not. The Super-Fast mechanism is three times as fast as the MOZART-4 mechanism, which allows for longer simulations, or ensembles with more members, that may not be feasible with the MOZART-4 mechanism given limited computational resources.