Three Dimensions of Gendered Online Abuse: Analyzing Swedish MPs’ Experiences of Social Media

Women’s political representation has increased rapidly in the past few decades, but significant barriers continue to circumscribe women’s political participation in a myriad of ways. Previous research has indicated that online abuse constitutes one such obstacle. Yet, only a small number of studies have systematically examined and compared the experiences of online abuse of men and women politicians. We argue that it is not enough to merely state that online abuse is gendered if we wish to understand and tackle such abuse: it is essential to know how it is gendered. In this article we conceptualize gendered online abuse in terms of three dimensions—frequency, character, and consequences—so that we can provide a more comprehensive empirical understanding of its prevalence. Using original survey data and interviews with a large number of Swedish MPs, we demonstrate the merit of unpacking the concept of such abuse in respect to different analytical dimensions. We find all three dimensions to be gendered in the Swedish context but in different and sometimes unexpected ways. Although women do not experience a higher frequency of online abuse than men, the character of the abuse is gendered insofar as women MPs are subjected to more sexualized and gendered harassment. We also find that men exposed to high levels of online abuse seem slightly more inclined to leave politics, whereas women report that they feel that their personal agency is circumscribed to a greater extent.

Области применения и возможность использования асинхронных генераторов в автономных ветроэнергетических установках

Autonomous asynchronous generators can be classified depending on how the excitation frequency character, a method of stabilizing a voltage, type and number of phases. The issue of using autonomous asynchronous generators with capacitive excitation in wind power plants is quite relevant. Advantages of wind turbines based on a dual power asynchronous generator: the use of a semiconductor converter of lower power, which can significantly reduce its cost

Compound word frequency modifies the effect of character frequency in reading Chinese

In two eye-tracking studies, reading of two-character Chinese compound words was examined. First and second character frequency were orthogonally manipulated to examine the extent to which Chinese compound words are processed via the component characters. In Experiment 1, first and second character frequency were manipulated for frequent compound words, whereas in Experiment 2 it was done for infrequent compound words. Fixation time and skipping probability for the first and second character were affected by its frequency in neither experiment, nor in their pooled analysis. Yet, in Experiment 2 fixations on the second character were longer when a high-frequency character was presented as the first character compared with when a low-frequency character was presented as the first character. This reversed character frequency effect reflects a morphological family size effect and is explained by the constraint hypothesis, according to which fixation time on the second component of two-component compound words is shorter when its identity is constrained by the first component. It is concluded that frequent Chinese compound words are processed holistically, whereas with infrequent compound words there is some room for the characters to play a role in the identification process.

21 May 2003 Boumerdès Earthquake: Numerical Investigations of the Rupture Mechanism Effects on the Induced Tsunami and Its Impact in Harbors

In order to obtain a fair and reliable description of the wave amplitude and currents in harbors due to the tsunami generated by the 21 May 2003 Boumerdès earthquake (Algeria), a numerical investigation has been performed with a standard hydraulic numerical model combined with various source fault models. Seven different rupture models proposed in literature to represent high frequency seismic effects have been used to simulate tsunami generation. The tsunami wave propagation across the Western Mediterranean Sea and in bays and harbors of the Balearic Islands is simulated, and results are checked against sea level measurements. All of them resulted in a significant underestimation of the tsunami impact on the Balearic coasts. In the paper the best fitting source model is identified, justifying the energy intensification of the event to account for low frequency character of tsunami waves. A fair correspondence is pointed out between damages to boats and harbor infrastructures, reported in newspapers, and wave intensity, characterized by level extremes and current intensity. Current speed and amplitude thresholds for possible damage in harbors suggested respectively by Lynett et al., doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058680, and Muhari et al., doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1772-0, are confirmed by the present analysis.

DONBETTYR:THE ANCIENT NAME OF THE ANCIENT DEITY

Теоним Донбеттыр, имя водного божества осетинского нартовского эпоса, традиционно считается примером ономастической христианизации, присвоением языческому богу имени христианского святого. В работе рассматривается гипотеза В.И. Абаева о переименовании древнего божества осетинского нартовского пантеона в честь Апостола Петра. Предлагаемые в работе альтернативные этимологии свидетельствуют не только об архаичности самого образа божества, но и позволяют полагать архаичность его имени. Постпозитивный элемент теонима *Беттыр интерпретируется через общеиндоевропейский корень со значением «отец». Главными аргументами в поддержку такого подхода можно считать высокопрецедентный характер элемента со значением «отец, родитель» среди именований божественных сущностей и фонетическое сходство между элементами. Благодаря маркированности элементом *pəter- многие верховные боги индоевропейцев оказываются связанными в одно этимологическое гнездо. Такой подход позволяет допускать ономастические связи Донбеттыра с олимпийскими богами, с верховным римским богом. Дальнейшего исследования требует презумпция о возможной фоссилизации в имени представителя нартовского пантеона протоиндоевропейской формулы, обозначавшей верховного бога и сохраненной в других древнейших эпических системах индоевропейских народов. Важным представляется рассмотрение теонимов других эпических систем, агиографической литературы, особенно в части эпитетов святых, анализ ряда этнонимов. Theonym Donbettyr, the name of the water deity of the Ossetian Nart epic, is traditionally considered an example of onomastic Christianization, assigning the name of a Christian Saint to a pagan God. The paper considers the hypothesis of V. I. Abaev about renaming the ancient God in honor of the Apostle Peter. The alternative etymologies proposed in this work indicate not only the archaic nature of the image of the deity, but also allow us to assume the archaic nature of his name also. The postpositive element of the theonym *Bettyr is interpreted through a common Indo-European root with the meaning "father". The main arguments in support of this approach can be considered the high-frequency character of the element with the meaning "father, parent" among the names of divine entities and the phonetic similarity between the elements. Marked with the element * pəter-many of the Supreme gods of the Indo-Europeans are connected in one etymological nest. This approach allows to suggest the onomastic connection of Donbettyr with the Olympic gods, with the Supreme Roman God. The presumption about the possible fossilization in the name of the representative of the Nart Pantheon of the proto-Indo-European formula requires Further research. The formula denoted the Supreme God and was preserved in other ancient epic systems of the Indo-European peoples. It is important to review the theonyms of different epic systems, hagiographic literature, especially in terms of epithets of saints, to research related ethnonyms.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS OF MOVEMENT OF A MATERIAL PARTICLE IN THE INTER-ROW SPACE OF A DISINTEGRATOR WITH A CHANGING INTER-ROW DISTANCE

Currently, disintegrators are one of the types of equipment used for grinding and mixing various materials. The advantages of disintegrators are the ability to control the speed of rotation of the rotors and change the geometric parameters to obtain a grinding product with the desired grain composition, as well as the simplicity of the design. In this paper, as a result of theoretical research, analytical expressions and are obtained, which define the radial size between adjacent rows of impact elements of the grinding chamber with a periodically varying distance. This change in the radial size has a high-frequency character, which determines the destruction of material particles under the influence of tangential stresses arising in them. To perform the necessary transformations, the article presents a design scheme of the disintegrator grinding chamber with a changing radial distance between adjacent rows. In the inter-row space, due to the inequality of the circumferential velocities of moving particles, tangential stresses acting on these particles occur. According to the result of, the value of tangent stresses in the inter-row space depends on the circumferential velocity of the particle, the coefficient of pseudo-viscous flow grinding and the value of the inter-row distance. The value of the row spacing, due to its periodic nature, can be represented as a function of the amplitude of the change in this distance and the angle measured from the initial direction of the axis. By solving a first-order differential equation with separable variables, it is possible to determine the initial and final value of the particle velocity in the region (0 ≤φ≤ /2) of an inter-row space of variable cross-section. The destruction of a material particle in an area with a periodically changing distance will be carried out if the change in the kinetic energy of the particle exceeds the work on its destruction as a result of collision.

Scales and Modes of Discourse Presentation and Their Functions

The fifth chapter focuses on the functional aspects of the various discourse presentation modes in 19th-century narrative fiction and particularly their role for the expression of subjectivity. The functional interpretation is based on the quantitative findings for the frequency, character, and combination of unambiguous as well as ambiguous discourse presentation modes in the corpus, also including hypothetical speech, writing, and thought presentation. The latter appear with considerable frequency in the 19th-century data. The chapter further describes and analyzes repetitive lexico-grammatical patterns identified for the different modes of discourse presentation and retrieved by the analysis of keywords and collocational structures.

Escape rooms in Poland: A demand-led approach using ‘netnographic’ research

During five years of extremely rapid and spontaneous development, escape rooms have become a permanent component of Polish urban space. At the same time, this form of recreation has gained a whole community of enthusiasts. The aim of the article is to present a comprehensive description of the people who visit escape rooms in Poland through an online survey including 718 users of lockme.pl, the largest promotional and booking portal in the country. The results have enabled the author to identify the socio-demographic features of the players, sources of information about escape rooms, user motivations, the frequency, character and course of visits, the emotions accompanying the game, as well as general opinions and evaluations of Polish escape rooms.