Scales and Modes of Discourse Presentation and Their Functions

Author(s):  
Beatrix Busse

The fifth chapter focuses on the functional aspects of the various discourse presentation modes in 19th-century narrative fiction and particularly their role for the expression of subjectivity. The functional interpretation is based on the quantitative findings for the frequency, character, and combination of unambiguous as well as ambiguous discourse presentation modes in the corpus, also including hypothetical speech, writing, and thought presentation. The latter appear with considerable frequency in the 19th-century data. The chapter further describes and analyzes repetitive lexico-grammatical patterns identified for the different modes of discourse presentation and retrieved by the analysis of keywords and collocational structures.

Author(s):  
Beatrix Busse

In her introductory chapter, the author specifies the aims of the study and its theoretical background. Basing her approach on Leech and Short’s (1981) and Semino and Short’s (2004) categories of discourse presentation, she further develops their model to suit 19th-century fiction and to enable corpus annotation for quantitative next to qualitative investigation, in order to allow for systematically investigating the previously impressionistic observations about discourse presentation modes in historical English on a sound empirical basis. She further outlines how her corpus-stylistic approach will be enriched by contextualization to address the portrayal of subjectivity as well as diachronic pragmatic differences between 19th- and 20th-century narrative fiction. Defining the key issues in her approach of New Historical Stylistics, the study is to provide new insights into the nature of 19th-century narrative fiction that are useful for corpus stylistics, text-linguistics, historical linguistics and pragmatics, as well as narratology and literary criticism.


2015 ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
Leo N. Letyagin

Analyses the so called floral codes within the system of historical communication forms. The author argues that it was a particular type of aesthetic communication existed and developed throughout the 19th century. The research aims to elaborate approaches to including the “language of flowers” in behavioural practices proposing their typology and addresses the period of the Russian culture history when the use of the language was most noticeable and productive.


Author(s):  
Beatrix Busse

The fourth chapter presents the quantitative findings for the categories of speech, writing, and thought presentation in the corpus of 19th-century narrative fiction and compares their statistical distribution with the findings by Semino and Short (2004) for 20th-century fiction. The author finds that the JLVeffects of particular categories of thought presentation are different from those of speech presentation in the 19th-century data. Further, the scales of speech and thought presentation in 19th-century narrative fiction are differently distributed compared to the 20th century, this giving quantitative evidence to Fludernik’s (1993) “direct discourse fallacy” according to which a character’s direct discourse should never simply be accepted as fully reliable because the narrator’s mediation is always a distortion.


Virittäjä ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi-Maria Nummila ◽  
Minna Seppänen

Suomen kirjakielen sekä suomenkielisen kirjallisuuden ja sivistyksen kannalta 1800-luku on merkittävä vuosisata. Kirjallisen tuotannon monipuolistuessa julkaistiin myös ensimmäiset suomenkieliset oppikirjat ja suomi lähtökielenä -sanakirjat, joissa selityskielenä ei ollut ruotsi. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelun kohteena on vuonna 1883 ilmestynyt Johan Gabriel Geitlinin laatima Suomalais-latinainen sanakirja. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan sanakirjan sanastoa teoksen käyttöfunktioiden ja ortografisten valintojen näkökulmasta analysoimalla lekseemien semanttisia, morfologisia ja kirjoitusasuun liittyviä piirteitä. Artikkelissa selvitetään Geitlinin leksikografisen työn periaatteita ja niiden toteutumista sekä tarkastellaan, miten 1800-luvun kirjallistuminen, kirjalliset pyrkimykset, odotukset ja vaatimukset näyttäytyvät autoritaarisen tahon eli Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran kustantamassa sanakirjassa. Analyysi osoittaa, ettei Geitlinin sanakirjan sanastoa ole otettu sellaisenaan aiemmista sanastoista, vaan laatija on pyrkinyt toimittamaan kustantajan määrittämiin tarkoituksiin soveltuvan, ajanmukaisia oikeakielisyysohjeita noudattavan teoksen. Geitlin seuraa sana-aineksen osalta pitkälti Lönnrotia mutta on poiminut myös uutta sanastoa ja tekee esikuvaansa ajanmukaisempia ratkaisuja erityisesti uudissana- ja ortografiakysymyksiss-ä. Kun Geitlin pyrki löytämään kompromissin latinan opetuskäyttöön soveltuvan ja suomen kieleen tutustuville sopivan sanakirjan välillä, hän tuli luoneeksi kirjan, joka ei täysin palvele kummankaan ryhmän tarpeita. Tehtyihin valintoihin ovat vaikuttaneet ennen kaikkea aikakauden käsitykset ja kieli-ihanteet. Puutteistaan huolimatta sanakirja on arvokas kokonaisuus ajan kielellistä ja kulttuurista historiaa.   G. Geitlin’s Finnish-Latin dictionary (1883) in the tradition of lexicography In terms of the Finnish literary language and Finnish literature and culture, the 19th century was a significant period. As literary production became more versatile, the first textbooks in the Finnish language were published, as well as dictionaries with Finnish as the source language, and not using Swedish to explain the terms. This article deals with Johan Gabriel Geitlin’s Finnish-Latin dictionary (Suomalais-latinainen sanakirja) published in 1883. The study examines the lexicon dealt with in the dictionary from the point of view of the functional aspects and orthographic choices made, by analysing features relating to the semantics, morphology and orthographic features of the lexemes. In the article the focus is in the principles applied in Geitlin’s lexicographic work, and how they are put into practice. The study also discussess how the development of the literary Finnish language in the 19th century, and the literary aims, expectations and demands placed on it were manifested in a dictionary published by an authoritarian party, the Finnish Literature Society. The analysis shows that the vocabulary in Geitlin’s dictionary was not taken over as such from earlier dictionaries, but that the author’s purpose was to produce a work that was suited to the purposes defined by the publisher, while following the current grammatical rules. As far as the vocabulary is concerned, Geitlin followed Elias Lönn-rot’s extensive Finnish-Swedish dictionary (Suomalais-Ruotsalainen sanakirja, 1866–1880) to a great extent, but also collected new vocabulary and made more up-to-date decisions than did his predecessor, particularly about neologisms and orthographic issues. In aiming to make compromises between a dictionary suitable for use in teaching Latin and for use by foreigners learning the Finnish language, Geitlin created a work that does not completely serve the needs of either group. The practices and choices made were influenced above all by the perceptions and linguistic ideals of the age. The work does, however, give a rich and valuable overview of the linguistic and cultural history of the age. The lexicon covers many of the central themes of the 19th century.


2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.


1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.


Author(s):  
Liubomyr Ilyn

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize the views of social and political thinkers of Galicia in the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. on the right and manner of organizing a nation-state as a cathedral. Method. The methodology includes a set of general scientific, special legal, special historical and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematic and comprehensive. The problem-chronological approach made it possible to identify the main stages of the evolution of the content of the idea of catholicity in Galicia's legal thought of the 19th century. Results. It is established that the idea of catholicity, which was borrowed from church terminology, during the nineteenth century. acquired clear legal and philosophical features that turned it into an effective principle of achieving state unity and integrity. For the Ukrainian statesmen of the 19th century. the idea of catholicity became fundamental in view of the separation of Ukrainians between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The idea of unity of Ukrainians of Galicia and the Dnieper region, formulated for the first time by the members of the Russian Trinity, underwent a long evolution and received theoretical reflection in the work of Bachynsky's «Ukraine irredenta». It is established that catholicity should be understood as a legal principle, according to which decisions are made in dialogue, by consensus, and thus able to satisfy the absolute majority of citizens of the state. For Galician Ukrainians, the principle of unity in the nineteenth century. implemented through the prism of «state» and «international» approaches. Scientific novelty. The main stages of formation and development of the idea of catholicity in the views of social and political figures of Halychyna of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries are highlighted in the work. and highlighting the distinctive features of «national statehood» that they promoted and understood as possible in the process of unification of Ukrainian lands into one state. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-226
Author(s):  
Kurdish Studies

Andrea Fischer-Tahir and Sophie Wagenhofer (edsF), Disciplinary Spaces: Spatial Control, Forced Assimilation and Narratives of Progress since the 19th Century, Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2017, 300 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-8376-3487-7).Ayşegül Aydın and Cem Emrence, Zones of Rebellion: Kurdish Insurgents and the Turkish State, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2015, 192 pp., (ISBN: 978-0-801-45354-0).Evgenia I. Vasil’eva, Yugo-Vostochniy Kurdistan v XVI-XIX vv. Istochnik po Istorii Kurdskikh Emiratov Ardelan i Baban. [South-Eastern Kurdistan in the XVI-XIXth cc. A Source for the Study of Kurdish Emirates of Ardalān and Bābān], St Petersburg: Nestor-Istoria, 2016. 176 pp., (ISBN 978-5-4469-0775-5).Karin Mlodoch, The Limits of Trauma Discourse: Women Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq, Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2014, 541 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-87997-719-2). 


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