Matter Waves in the Talbot-Lau Interferometry

Particle paths, emitted from distributed sources and passing out through slits of two gratings, G0 and G1, up to detectors, have been computed in detail by the path integral method. The particles under consideration are fullerene molecules with a De Broglie wavelength equal to 5 pm. The slits are Gaussian functions that simulate fuzzy edges of the slits. Waves of the matter computed by this method show perfect interference patterns both between the gratings and behind the second grating. Coherent and non-coherent distributed particle sources reproducing the interference patterns are discussed in detail. Paraxial approximation results from removing the distributed sources onto innity. This approximation gives a wave function reproducing an exact copy of the Talbot carpet. PACS numbers: 03.75.-b, 03.75.Dg, 42.25.Hz

Faint trace of a particle in a noisy Vaidman three-path interferometer

We study weak traces of particle passing Vaidman’s nested Mach–Zehnder interferometer. We investigate an effect of decoherence caused by an environment coupled to internal degree of freedom (a spin) of a travelling particle. We consider two models: pure decoherence leading to exact results and weak coupling Davies approximation allowing to include dissipative effects. We show that potentially anomalous discontinuity of particle paths survives an effect of decoherence unless it affects internal part of the nested interferometer.

Embedding of particle tracking data using hybrid quantum-classical neural networks

The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN will involve a significant increase in complexity and sheer size of data with respect to the current LHC experimental complex. Hence, the task of reconstructing the particle trajectories will become more involved due to the number of simultaneous collisions and the resulting increased detector occupancy. Aiming to identify the particle paths, machine learning techniques such as graph neural networks are being explored in the HEP.TrkX project and its successor, the Exa.TrkX project. Both show promising results and reduce the combinatorial nature of the problem. Previous results of our team have demonstrated the successful attempt of applying quantum graph neural networks to reconstruct the particle track based on the hits of the detector. A higher overall accuracy is gained by representing the training data in a meaningful way within an embedded space. That has been included in the Exa.TrkX project by applying a classical MLP. Consequently, pairs of hits belonging to different trajectories are pushed apart while those belonging to the same ones stay close together. We explore the applicability of variational quantum circuits that include a relatively low number of qubits applicable to NISQ devices within the task of embedding and show preliminary results.

SUBSTANTIATION OF OPTIMUM PARAMETERS OF PNEUMATIC SEPARATION OF CRUSHED OIL SEEDS

С целью обоснования оптимальных параметров сепарирования рушанки семян подсолнечника, рапса и тыквы воздушным потоком исследованы особенности сепарирования рушанки в промышленном аэросепараторе в стендовых условиях и проведено моделирование процесса. Разработана адекватная математическая модель движения частиц рушанки в стесненных условиях. Проведен численный эксперимент, представленный в виде криволинейных траекторий частиц при различных скорости воздуха, скорости витания и других параметрах. Рассчитаны оптимальные параметры пневмосепарирования рушанки масличных семян. При сепарировании рушанки семян подсолнечника фракций недоруша (максимальная скорость витания лузги 4,5 м/с), сечки (средняя скорость витания лузги 3,1 м/с) и мелкой сечки (минимальная скорость витания лузги 1,8 м/с) скорость воздуха следует поддерживать соответственно в интервалах 7,5–8, 5–6 и 3–4 м/с при скорости поступающих частиц в пневмосепарирующий канал не более 1,1 м/с. При сепарировании рушанки семян рапса сходовой фракции с сита диаметром 1,8 мм (максимальная скорость витания плодовой оболочки 4,45 м/с) скорость вертикального воздушного потока необходимо поддерживать в интервале 6–7 м/с, при этом скорость поступающих частиц в зону сепарирования должна быть не более 0,8 м/с. Сепарирование рушанки тыквенных семян (скорость витания оболочки 3,8–5,2 м/с) в вертикальном воздушном потоке целесообразно проводить с его скоростью в интервале 6–7 м/с при скорости поступающих частиц в зону сепарирования не более 1,1 м/с. For the purpose of substantiation of the optimal separation parameters of sunflower, rapeseed and pumpkin crushed seeds by air flow, the features of separation of crushed seeds in an industrial air separator in bench conditions were studied and the process was modeled. The adequate mathematical model of movement of crushed seeds particles in constrained conditions has been developed. A numerical experiment presented as curved particle paths at different air velocity, soaring velocity and other parameters was performed. Optimal parameters of pneumatic separation of oil seeds are calculated. When separation of crushed sunflower seeds fractions incompletely crushed (maximum soaring velocity husk 4,5 m/s), medium crushed (average soaring velocity husk of 3,1 m/s) and small crushed (minimum soaring velocity husks 1,8 m/s) air velocity should be maintained respectively in the range of 7,5–8, 5–6 and 3–4 m/s when the velocity of the incoming particles in aspiration channel is not more than 1,1 m/s. When separating of the crushed rapeseed from a sieve with a diameter of 1,8 mm (the maximum soaring velocity of the fruit shell is 4,45 m/s), the velocity of vertical air flow must be maintained in the range of 6–7 m/s, while the velocity of incoming particles in the separation zone should not be more than 0,8 m/s. Separation of the crushed pumpkin seeds (the soaring velocity of the shell is 3,8–5,2 m/s) in a vertical air flow is advisable to carry out with its velocity in the range of 6–7 m/s at the velocity of incoming particles in the separation zone of no more than 1,1 m/s.

Strain-Insensitive Elastic Surface Electromyographic (sEMG) Electrode for Efficient Recognition of Exercise Intensities

Surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors are widely used in the fields of ergonomics, sports science, and medical research. However, current sEMG sensors cannot recognize the various exercise intensities efficiently because of the strain interference, low conductivity, and poor skin-conformability of their electrodes. Here, we present a highly conductive, strain-insensitive, and low electrode–skin impedance elastic sEMG electrode, which consists of a three-layered structure (polydimethylsiloxane/galinstan + polydimethylsiloxane/silver-coated nickel + polydimethylsiloxane). The bottom layer of the electrode consists of vertically conductive magnetic particle paths, which are insensitive to stretching strain, collect sEMG charge from human skin, and finally transfer it to processing circuits via an intermediate layer. Our skin-friendly electrode exhibits high conductivity (0.237 and 1.635 mΩ·cm resistivities in transverse and longitudinal directions, respectively), low electrode–skin impedance (47.23 kΩ at 150 Hz), excellent strain-insensitivity (10% change of electrode–skin impedance within the 0–25% strain range), high fatigue resistance (>1500 cycles), and good conformability with skin. During various exercise intensities, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of our electrode increased by 22.53 dB, which is 206% and 330% more than that of traditional Ag/AgCl and copper electrode, respectively. The ability of our electrode to efficiently recognize various exercise intensities confirms its great application potential for the field of sports health.

Brownout Simulations of Model-Rotors In Ground Effect

In this work computational fluid dynamics is used to validate experimental results for a two-bladed small rotor In Ground Effect conditions. The paper focuses on the evaluation and prediction of the rotor outwash generated in ground effect. Time-averaged outflow velocities are compared with experimental results, and the simulated flow field is used for safety studies using the PAXman model and particle tracking methods. The aircraft weights have been studied, evaluating scaling factors to define how helicopter weight can affect the outflow forces and the particle paths. Results show how the wake generated by heavier helicopters can lead to stronger forces on ground personnel and push the particles farther away from the rotor.

Evaluation of the performance of a hydraulic barrier by the Null space Monte Carlo method

A gasoline leak caused the contamination of a shallow alluvial aquifer in an urbanized area in Northern Italy. A rapid intervention was conceived to stop the spreading of contamination: a hydraulic barrier has been placed downstream of the source to collect both the floating oil and the contaminated groundwater. A numerical model has been built to assess the performance of the existing barrier, and to design a new configuration of the hydraulic barrier aimed at stopping the hydrocarbon plume already dispersed downstream. A preliminary model was built and calibrated against groundwater levels measured in 41 monitoring wells. Hydraulic conductivities in pilot points, recharge zones and constant head BCs were calibrated. The non-uniqueness of the calibrated parameters led to identify 283 alternative parameter sets, all able to represent the observed heads within an absolute average error of 10 cm. These sets, generated with the Null space Monte Carlo method, served to build 283 models, used to simulate the dispersion of solved contamination through forward particle tracking. A further step was the censoring of all simulations resulting in particle paths at a distance closer than 5 meters from monitoring wells where contamination was never found since the spilled occurred. Analysis was performed of the particle paths generated with the 187 models that were retained. Overall, the barrier captures 89% of all particles. Moreover, in 74% of all realizations, at least a particle escapes, with a mean and median of 7 particles in each realization where it happens. Two main contamination paths are identified: while one is confirmed by the monitoring wells already present, another one would require the placement of new wells to assess the actual presence of contamination. Thus, the validity of the stochastic simulation would be assessed together with the need to improve the performance of the hydraulic barrier.