Building on Foreign Expertise. Military and Agricultural Experts and the Eastward Expansion of Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Sweden

In the second half of the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth century, the Kingdom of Sweden was almost constantly engaged in armed conflicts with neighbouring kingdoms. Both offensive and defensive wars were characteristic of the Swedish foreign policy from 1550s to 1650s. The same period witnessed the emergence of the Swedish Empire because, due to these conflicts, Sweden was able to acquire new domains in the Baltic region and to expand its territories in both east and south. These geopolitical realities pushed all Vasa kings into multiple projects aiming to rationalise Sweden’s army and its military strategy as well as to develop the acquired areas in various ways. Our article presents two development project examples of this emerging empire (1) Scottish officers (the Swedish Crown acknowledged the military expertise of Scottish troops as well as their officers and tried to harness this experience for Sweden), and (2) the planned modernisation of Ingria through German and Dutch colonisation and agricultural development. The article examines the needs and expertise expectations that the Swedish Crown directed towards these foreign groups. The emergence of Sweden as a European empire did not occur in a geopolitical vacuum. International contacts and the influx of European expertise into Sweden were important factors in the building of the Swedish dominion in the Baltic region. By focusing on these foreign expert groups, one operating in the military world and the other in the agricultural sphere, this article illustrates the functions and roles that the Swedish Crown expected foreign experts to have on the eastern frontier of early modern Sweden.

Prospects for bringing countries to international responsibility for the spread of mass diseases (on the example of the People’s Republic of China and COVID-19 pandemic)

The COVID-19 pandemic, which commenced in 2020 and continues into 2021, called on the world re-evaluate many ordinary phenomena, including the impact on the international law, and namely international responsibility. The unprecedented scale of the problem, worldwide lockdown, as well as global deceleration of virtually all processes have led the experts, politicians and regular persons to seek the answer the question of whether anyone should be held responsible for what has happened. This article dwells on whether it is possible to bring the country to international responsibility for the spread of a mass disease relying on the theoretical and practical aspects of the branch of international responsibility. Unlike the foreign expert community with a dynamic discussion of implementation of responsibility for the pandemic, the Russian doctrine has not conducted similar analysis. Certain public political figures openly blamed China for the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, referring to the fact that it originated in the Chinese province Wuhan. The United States have initiated lawsuits against China and Chinese government over the pandemic. It is of utmost importance to analyze the legitimacy of such articulation of the question is, and what the evidence base should be in such cases. In this regard, the analysis of the theoretical prerequisites and feasibility for bringing the countries to international responsibility for the spread of mass diseases have a crucial scientific and practical significance.

RESPONSIBILITY OF A FOREIGN EXPERT IN THE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC EXAMINATION

The article assesses the main types of liability that can be applied to a forensic expert during the economic examination, for improper performance of their duties. It is determined that the norm of responsibility is provided by the domestic legislation. The following types of liability are applied to the work of experts: criminal, administrative, material and disciplinary. In addition to legal responsibility, the expert is also responsible for moral and ethical responsibility for the quality of their work. The types of criminal liability of a forensic expert in the process of conducting an economic examination, which are provided by the Criminal Procedure Code and the Criminal Code of Ukraine, are described. The administrative responsibility regulated by the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses of Part 3 of Art. 1853 and 1854. It is determined that in the process of conducting forensic examinations, material liability may also be applied to the expert. It is applied if the expert caused damage to the object of examination by his actions. The procedure for applying disciplinary expertise to a forensic expert is considered in detail. In particular, the procedure for managing disciplinary liability, types of disciplinary misconduct, types of decisions made by the disciplinary chamber of the Central Expert Qualification Commission, cases when disciplinary proceedings are not initiated, types of decisions based on disciplinary liability of an expert, components of the decision of the Central Expert Chamber. -qualification commission, types of disciplinary sanctions, etc. It is determined that in addition to the legal expert is also morally and ethically responsible for the quality of his work before the person who appointed the forensic examination, the court, the defense, the prosecution, the head of the forensic institution; according to the results of the study, he is obliged to give a conclusion in accordance with professional ethics and without compromising his own conscience. It is noted that in administrative proceedings it is advisable to apply preventive measures aimed at verifying the fact of the expert's good experience, his competence, implementation of the forensic expert's preparation for the real case by providing appropriate advice, checking his psychological condition and assessing his previous activities.

China, Singapore and Kazakhstan: experience of international technological cooperation

In modern conditions, the role of international industrial cooperation is increasing. Global industrial cooperation goes beyond normal interstate trade, direct cooperative link, and occupational production, foreign investment cooperation, and joint scientific and technical activities. International technological exchange, which serves as the dissemination of scientific and technological progress, also affects the effectiveness of the entire cycle of work, from development to commercial application. The forms of technology swapping are determined by the characteristics of the transferred technology and the characteristics of the subjects of the transfer process. The recipient of a technology or technologically intensive product gets the opportunity to assimilate most of the partner's scientific and technological experience. The article researches certain aspects of the technological development of Asian countries such as Singapore and China, whose experience in the area of successful international technological exchange is interesting to Kazakhstan and other countries that seek to actively integrate into global technological processes. The article assesses the existing systems for supporting innovations and stimulating high-tech industries in Kazakhstan. The article also provides an expert opinion of a foreign expert, Deputy Director of the Singapore organization the Action Community for Entrepreneurship, Brian Patrick Tan, as well as representatives of the venture Fund “Qaz Tech Venture” on the potential of integrating Kazakhstan into the international scientific and technical space.

REVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE "SERBIA-UNITED STATES RELATIONS" AND THE MONOGRAPH “SERBIA-UNITED STATES RELATIONS"

On 11 September 2019, the Institute for National and International Security organized and hosted the International Scientific Conference "Serbia-United States Relations", which was held on the premises of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia. The conference was realized in partnership with the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia and the Archives of Vojvodina. The domestic and foreign expert public expressed great interest in attending the first (and rather unique) conference of this type, which was reflected in the total number of over 250 participants.

Analysis of Cohesion and Coherence in Two Truths to Live By

Discourse analysis is an essential branch of linguistics, and cohesion and coherence are the core issues of discourse analysis. However, many scholars carry out discourse analysis from a specific perspective, and few analyze it from multiple levels simultaneously. Besides, the analysis of the speech is relatively few. Therefore, the study of the multi-level analysis of that style is valuable. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part is the introduction of the theoretical background, expounding the academic research of Halliday, a foreign expert, and Hu Zhuanglin, a domestic representative, and the introduction of the discourse Two Truths to Live by. The second part is the main body of this paper, which explains the function and effect of cohesion and coherence theory by analyzing the sentences in selected texts. Finally, it summarizes the research results. It examines the role of cohesion and coherence in expressing the author's intention and highlighting the theme of the work, so as to cultivate the ability of writing papers, speeches, and other writing styles.

IMMIGRATION PERSPECTIVE ON FOREIGN EXPERT IN INDONESIAN LAW OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

The implementation of criminal law enforcement in Indonesia is based on criminal procedural law. Criminal Procedure Law is a formal law that is in the regulations regarding the provisions of the legal process. Proof processes as the legal means of proof based on Law Number 8 of 1981 shall be Witnesses Testimony, Expert Testimony, a Document, an Indication and Accused Testimony. Expert testimony has an important role in the Proof processes both from the level of investigation to the trial by the judge. In doing so, an expert can be a foreign national. Normative-empirical research by the method of legal research on legal instruments conducted to explain how the immigration perspective of experts who are foreign citizens. Experts who are citizens of foreign countries must have a residence permit stipulated in the Immigration Act, even though, it is a state order for someone who gives testimony as an expert in order to uphold the law as fairly as possible. To achieve this, as well as by not violating the immigration provisions for experts who are foreigner, the authors provide advice for law enforcers, both investigators, public prosecutors, judges and legal counsel to know and understand the immigration provisions that applied to foreigners as the experts in law enforcement process.

Living in Mao’s China

During the Mao era a small number of Europeans lived in the PRC – most of them for two or three years, a few for the whole period. This article focuses on those who, unlike diplomats and a handful of foreign correspondents, worked or studied in Chinese institutions: ‘foreign comrades’ (both long-term residents and sojourners), ‘foreign experts’ and students. The article shows how the everyday lives of these Europeans were strongly influenced both by Mao era’s ‘politics in command’ environment and by PRC policies that utilised them for political and pragmatic purposes while at the same time marginalising them from everyday Chinese life. It also illustrates the divisive impact of Maoist politics on each group. The Cultural Revolution brought a temporary halt to both the foreign expert and student presences in China, as well as being a traumatic period for the foreign comrades.