Factors Associated With the Differences Between Self-Report Smoking and Urinary Cotinine Criteria

During self-reporting, respondents underreport their smoking status for various reasons. We aimed to evaluate the difference between smoking status self-reporting and urinary cotinine tests in Korea respondents. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the differences between self-reporting and urinary cotinine criteria. The dependent variable was the underreporting of smoking status; independent variables were sociodemographic, health status, and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Total underreporting was 3.6% when Cot ≥164 and 4.0% when Cot-variable (classified) criteria underreported. Positive associations were found between smoking and age, education, drinking, and SHS. Underreporting in the nonsmoker group (odds ratio [OR] = 2.336; confidence interval [CI] = 1.717-3.179) was significantly associated with SHS, but this difference was nonsignificant in the ex-smoker group (OR = 1.184; CI = 0.879-1.638). Underreporting was 3.6% to 4.0%, and C-statistics was about 0.7, indicating that outcomes could be classified. SHS in nonsmokers was positively associated with underreporting; however, only the nonsmoker group had positive associations, demonstrating unintentional underreporting due to SHS.

The Impact of Coexistence of Smoking and Diabetes on the Coronary Artery Severity and Outcomes following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Results from the 1ST Jordanian PCI Registry

Introduction. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and smoking are highly prevalent among Middle Eastern patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods. This study used the analysis of the data from the first Jordanian PCI registry (JoPCR1) to determine the impact of coexistence of smoking and diabetes mellitus on the coronary artery severity and outcome following percutaneous coronary intervention in Middle Eastern patients. Results. Of 2426 patients enrolled, 1300 (53.6%) and 1055 (43.5%) were diabetics and smokers, respectively. The patients’ age was 59.0±10.1 and ranged between 24 and 95 years. Males comprised 79.4% of all patients. The patients were divided into four groups: nondiabetic-nonsmokers (22.2%), diabetic-nonsmokers (34.3%), nondiabetic-smokers (24.2%), and diabetic-smokers (19.2%). Compared with the other three groups, patients in the diabetic-nonsmoker group were older, more likely to be females, and having a higher prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic renal disease, and history of CVD and revascularization. Consequently, the diabetic-nonsmoker patients (but not the diabetic-smokers) had a higher prevalence of multivessel CAD and PCI than the other three groups, highlighting the importance of other risk factors (age, gender, metabolic syndrome, and comorbidities) and not only smoking in predisposing for CAD. Furthermore, those patients had a higher incidence of ACS as an indication for PCI than the stable coronary disease (73% vs 27%) and the highest CRUSADE bleeding risk score (63.9%) among other groups. The in-hospital events including in-stent thrombosis and emergency CABG events did not significantly differ among groups (p=0.5 and 0.22). Heart failure and major bleeding events occurred significantly higher among diabetic-nonsmokers compared to other groups. In-hospital deaths occurred significantly more among diabetic-nonsmokers. Moreover, the one-month and one-year follow-up outcome events (the mortality rate, in-stent thrombosis, readmission for ACS, coronary revascularization, and major bleedings) occurred more frequently in the diabetic-nonsmoker group. However, the difference was statistically significant only for major bleeding incidences. Conclusions. In this analysis of a completed prospective Middle Eastern PCI registry, the majority of the diabetic-nonsmoker (and not the diabetic-smokers) patients (73%) presented with ACS. This group was the highest at risk for in-hospital PCI complications as well as the worst in outcomes after one year of follow-up. Those patients were more likely to be older, female, and have the worst cardiovascular baseline features, highlighting the importance of other risk factors (age, gender, metabolic syndrome, and comorbidities) and not only smoking in predisposing for CAD. Thus, more sufficient education about controlling CVD risk factors should be implemented in the Middle Eastern region.

MIP-T3 Expression Associated with Defects of Ciliogenesis in Airway of COPD Patients

Introduction. Some studies have found that cilia were shorter in COPD smokers than in nonsmokers or healthy smokers. However, the structural abnormalities of cilia and the cause of such abnormalities in COPD patients still remain unknown. Tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 3 interacting protein 1 (MIP-T3) may play an important role in the progress of ciliary protein transporting. Objectives. This study aimed at exploring the dominated structural abnormalities of cilia and the involvement of MIP-T3 in the pathogenesis of cilia of COPD patients. Methods. Patients who accepted pulmonary lobectomy were divided into 3 groups: the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) smoker group, the healthy smoker group, and the nonsmoker group, according to smoking history and pulmonary function. The ultrastructure of cilia and the percentage of abnormal cilia were analyzed using a transmission electron microscope. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting in bronchial epithelium were used to determine MIP-T3 mRNA and protein expression. The relationship between the percentage of abnormal cilia and lung function and MIP-T3 protein expression was analyzed. Results. Patients in the COPD smoker group had increased percentage of abnormal cilia comparing to both the healthy smoker group and the nonsmoker group (both P values <0.05). MIP-T3 expression was significantly declined in the COPD smoker group (P value <0.05). Moreover, the percentage of abnormal cilia was negatively correlated with FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio, and FEV1%pred (all P values <0.05). Moreover, the MIP-T3 protein expression was positively correlated with the percentage of abnormal cilia (P value <0.05). Conclusions. Our results suggested that the abnormal ciliary ultrastructure, which was common in COPD patients, might be due to MIP-T3 downregulation.

PERBANDINGAN KADAR NITRIC OXIDE PADA PEROKOK DAN BUKAN PEROKOK

Background: Cigarette smoke can affect macrophage metabolism by activating macrophages to release leukotrien B4, IL-8 and TNFα which lead to increased production of superoxide (O2-) and H2O2 and also cause oxidative damage to macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, DNA that can eliminate antioxidants and form free radicals such as Nitric Oxide (NO). NO has an important contribution in the occurrence of infection where NO will be produced more by iNOS. Methods: This study is a cross sectional study with a sample of samples taken in total sampling from medical students of Jambi University as many as 22 people with smokers and 22 non-smokers. Conducted NO examination by using microplate reader on wave 595. Research data obtained then tested by statistical analysis with mann whitney and wilcoxon test. Results : NO levels in smokers were higher than nonsmoker group NO levels. Based on normality test data with Mann Whitney obtained significant difference between both groups value of sig 0.030. Furthermore, Wilcoxon analysis. The result of wilcoxon analysis shows statistic test output where sig (<0,05). Conclusion : NO levels in the smoker group were higher than in the nonsmokers group. NO levels between smokers and nonsmokers were significantly different. Keywords : Smokers, non-smokers, nitric oxide Abstrak Pendahuluan : Asap rokok dapat mempengaruhi metabolisme makrofag dengan mengaktifkan makrofag untuk melepaskan leukotrien B4, IL-8 dan TNFα yang menyebabkan meningkatnya produksi superoksida (O2-) dan H2O2 dan juga menyebabkan kerusakan oksidatif makromolekul seperti lipid, protein, DNA yang dapat menghilangkan antioksidan serta membentuk radikal bebas seperti Nitrit Oxide (NO). NO mempunyai kontribusi yang penting dalam terjadinya infeksi dimana NO akan diproduksi lebih banyak oleh iNOS. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectional dengan sampel penelitian yang diambil secara total sampling dari mahasiswa kedokteran Universitas Jambi sebanyak 22 orang dengan perokok dan 22 orang bukan perokok. Dilakukan pemeriksaan NO dengan menggunakan microplate reader pada gelombang 595. Data penelitian yang di dapatkan kemudian di uji dengan analisis statistic dengan uji mann whitney dan wilcoxon. Hasil : Kadar NO pada perokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kadar NO kelompok bukan perokok. Berdasarkan uji normalitas data dengan Mann whitney diperoleh perbedaan yang bermakna diantara kedua kelompok nilai sig 0.030. Selanjutnya dilakukan Analisis Wilcoxon. Hasil analisis wilcoxon menunjukkan output test statistic dimana sig (<0,05). Kesimpulan : Kadar NO pada kelompok perokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok bukan perokok. Kadar NO antara kelompok perokok dan bukan perokok terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan. Kata Kunci : Perokok, bukan perokok, Nitric Oxide

Relationship between, smell of cigarette smoking and inhalation for children under one year and the probability of cigarette smoking in adulthood

ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between, smell of cigarette smoking and inhalation for children under one year and the probability of cigarette smoking in adulthood.Materials and methodThis is a case control study in which two groups of subjects (smokers as case group and nonsmokers as observed group) are considered.Cigarette exposure experience under age of one has been questioned in both groups.FindingsThe results of the research show that 60.71% of smoker group had parents smoking in their infancy Period while this was 30.35% for nonsmokers, indicating a significant difference (P = 0.000,X2 = 63.91). Also, 58.82% of subjects in smoker group have smoking parents while 12% in nonsmoker group .19.64% have certain medical disease history compared with 5.35% in nonsmoker group which showed a significant difference.(P = 0.044,X2 = 4.00).DiscussionAs the results show it is Probable that unexpected inhalation of cigarette smoke induce a conditional learning for children in their infancy Period and in family environment under the influence of simultaneous kindness of both parents while inhalation smoking reminds them their parent’s kindness and favor. There is a good feeling for these Persons while they smoke and this increases the chance for them to be smoker.Although this study is limited, it may be can show the effect of parent’s smoking on the probability of smoking for children in their future life, to prevent which can decrease this probability.