Smart Circuit Breaker

This project is to supply single phase home appliances. This project is used for an alternative for MCB. MCB is fault current protective device which trip on fault current which flows in the circuit. MCB are based on the thermal bimetallic trip mechanism which is very slow and tripping time is based upon percentage of overloads MCB having bimetallic trip which gets derated after some mechanical operation and cause unwanted tripping. All the above faults will be overcome by smart circuit breakers which provide all types of protection such as overload, under voltage, high temperature and short circuit protection, this type of protection is necessary because, now days all, appliance such as LCD, Air conditioner, Refrigerator, etc consist of electronic circuitry which is voltage sensitive and get damage at voltage fluctuation. This project also monitors and display fault on LCD and stores the data for further action. Smart circuit breaker is fast acting and sense relay as fast as possible and trips the relay within 100msec. than MCB which takes 1000msec. to 1600msec. In addition to that LM 35 temperature sensor is also interface to microcontroller by if temperature exceed 550C microcontroller will trip the relay. The intention to use temperature sensor is to detect fire hazard in domestic purpose as well as commercial purpose.

The suitability of well water for domestic purpose, in Gwagwalada area council Abuja Nigeria

Water wells are usually dug by artisans who lack professional skills. Such wells are used at various homes in Gwagwalada Area Council of Abuja for domestic purpose, on the assumption that underground water is safe. Thus, the suitability of such well water was assessed. The objectives were to assess their properties and compare with regulatory standard for domestic purpose. Thirty (30) water samples were purposely collected from six wards (Dobi, Ibwa, Paikon-Kore, Tungan Maje, Zuba and Ikwa). Five water samples were randomly collected from each ward for laboratory analysis. Laboratory results were statistically analyzed using range, mean, correlation and multiple determination coefficients. Suitability of water properties for domestic purposes was determined by comparing range and mean values with NSDWQ and WHO standard for domestic uses. Result showed that the concentrations of water properties ranges as follows: temperature (26.59-30.73oC), pH (7.17-8.23), electrical conductivity EC (222-354 μs/cm3), TDS (12.14-21.54mg/l), Turbidity (0.29-0.93NTU) hardness (13.58-39.72mg/l), chloride Cl-(4.29-8.93mg/l), Fe (0.54-0.71mg/l) and Cu (0.02-0.06mg/l).Water samples generally had low electrical conductivity (222-354 μs/cm3), and mineral nutrients but elevated concentration of some heavy metals. The twenty- three water quality parameters tested could explain 96% of the overall water quality leaving only 4% unexplained. All the samples fell short of regulatory standard in terms of EC, Fe and Cu while well water from Ikwa fell short of many heavy metals for domestic purpose. It was concluded that well water in Gwagwalada Area Council are not potable. Thus, treatment before direct consumption and precautionary use of well water were recommended for the residents. Keywords: Water quality, Heavy metals, Water pollution, Well

Computational analysis of micro wind turbine with bamboo blades for domestic applications

A domestic purpose micro wind turbine realised using bamboo blade is tested for the power generation at an interval of two years and compared the performance. A CFD analysis of turbine with five blade system is carried out for an average wind velocity of 2.5m/s and structural integrity of the bamboo blade unit based on the pressure distribution is assessed. For the input wind velocity, a stream lined out flow of 5.9 m/s is found when wind turbine rotates at 300 rpm and corresponding pressure distribution is found to be maximum at the expected location of blade tip as129 Pa. The static analysis shows a good margin. For 2.5 m/s, a wind turbine generates an average value of 3.8V with 0.25A (based on 15 <span>Ω</span>/10W load). The wind turbine has produced nearly the same power even after a period of two years.

Performance Evaluation of Elevated Storage Reservoir with Hybrid Staging

Elevated water tanks are essential Civil Engineering framework which are known as compulsory community services urban areas. A number of elevated water tanks suffered collapse and damage to their staging in deep earthquakes, consequently their safety performance is a crucial concern throughout effective earthquake. Because of storage of clean water, it is utilized for important needs such as drinking purpose and for other domestic purpose. Within the existing work, four support patterns viz. easy brace, cross brace, rectangular brace as well as radial brace connected with various staging heights (fifteen m, twenty m, and twenty-five m) are analysed for seismic zone II, III and IV for empty tank and loaded tank. Probably the most affordable as well as secure, Intze style tank of thousand kilolitre capacity considered. When it comes to the evaluation of Intze container, 72 designs are constructed with STAAD.ProV8i Software, by which 36 models are analysed for empty tank and additional 36 models are analysed for loaded tank. Each and every seismic zone has 12 models as well as every brace has three distinct staging rises. For the safety, stability and serviceability, different parameters are obtained for different brace pattern

Computational analysis of micro wind turbine with bamboo blades for domestic applications

A domestic purpose micro wind turbine realised using bamboo blade is tested for the power generation at an interval of two years and compared the performance. A CFD analysis of turbine with five blade system is carried out for an average wind velocity of 2.5m/s and structural integrity of the bamboo blade unit based on the pressure distribution is assessed. For the input wind velocity, a stream lined out flow of 5.9 m/s is found when wind turbine rotates at 300 rpm and corresponding pressure distribution is found to be maximum at the expected location of blade tip as 129 Pa. The static analysis shows a good margin. For 2.5 m/s, the wind turbine generates an average value of 3.8V with 0.25A (based on 15/10W load). The wind turbine has produced nearly the same power even after a period of two years.

"Water, Water, Everywhere, But Not a Drop to Drink": Envisaging Strategies for Sustainable Management of Water

Water is one of the most important resources among other natural resources. It plays a vital role in the world of living organism in our day to day life whether it may be drinking or non-drinking. Population explosion along with urbanization and industrialization make the situation difficult, especially in using usable water indiscriminately. The ways in which usable water wasted are drinking, domestic purpose, irrigation, industry etc. Although the amount of usable water is limited we have to be cautious in preserving water and take necessary steps to conserve water. Some of the instances have been depicted in this regard which are as follows.

Suitability of Usuma Dam Water for Domestic Use in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

The quality of water sources should be tested regularly for various parameters of interest to ensure it meet the standard qualities required for intended use(s). Thus, the suitability of Usuma dam water for domestic use in Nigeria’s Federal Capital Territory Abuja was assessed. The objectives were to assess the properties of Usuma dam water and ascertain its suitability for domestic purpose. A total of thirty (30) water samples were fetched directly. Ten (10) samples each from upstream, downstream and middle were collected. Precautions were taken to prevent sample contamination. Data collected were analyzed as follows: The water properties was analyzed using range and mean, suitability of water properties for domestic purpose was analyzed by comparing range and mean values with Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for domestic uses. Result showed that water sample were slight acidic (6.83), EC was low (122-180 µs/cm3), TDS (120-144 Mg/l), TSS (1.2-1.7 Mg/l, turbidity (0.29-5.37 Mg/l,) total hardness (7.18-40.46 Mg/l) DO (3.8-4.7 Mg/l), BOD (2.2-4.21 Mg/l), and (25.6-55.4 Mg/l). Minerals nutrients (Ca, Mg, Cl-,Na, K, NO-3 and PO-4. ) in water samples were lower than regulatory standard while heavy metals (Fe, Si, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Mn, F and B) were relatively higher than regulatory standard. It was concluded that water from Usuma dam are not safe for domestic purpose especially drinking.