http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/145

The main theme of this study is to evaluate the concept of national education in Pakistan, investigate its prevailing situation and discuss its consequences .The study based on qualitative approach and critically review of the related literatures. No doubt the system of education reflect the philosophy of the nation and a country. It is also reflect the culture, customs, values, language as well as the ideology of life and death. These elements lead the name the national to the top of the world or to bottom. Literature and its related observations revealed that the government of Pakistan spent billions of dollar for the promotion and development of education, several policies and plans were made, several initiatives and task forces are formed but all of these efforts are just of number game no real changes have been observed in the prevailing system of education but in other side its worst consequences have been seen in all areas of Pakistan. Pakistan as a country not only left behind in science and technology but also weak in social and ethical values only because of the the absence of ideological base National Education.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Covid-19 in Iranian and American Newspapers

The policies and ideologies of countries are reflected in the propagated media of that country, and newspapers are no exception. Covid-19 has affected the lives of people all around the world. The present study investigated the ideological differences in reporting the news related to Covid-19 in light of Van Dijk’s ideological square framework. To do so, a representative sample of 56 news articles was chosen over a period of one year (from January 2020 to the end of January 2021) from one Iranian and one American newspaper, the Tehran Times and The New York Times. Overall, 2,977 clauses were analysed both qualitatively, to find out the reason of occurrence, and quantitatively, to determine the frequency of occurrence for each micro-strategy. Evidentiality, Hyperbole, Metaphor, National Self-Glorification, Negative Lexicalisation, and Number Game were the most frequent micro-strategies. Such high frequencies of the strategies can make for effective discursive apparatus to make readers believe what news articles claim is true. The most salient implication of this study would be raising readers’ and academics’ awareness of the need to view news articles critically to avoid negative ramifications of ideological propagandas. In the same vein, newspapers need to be cognizant of the micro-strategies they consciously or sub-consciously employ since certain micro-strategies can be used to manipulate readers’ minds and help news agencies to feed their readers certain ideological and political agendas. Keywords Covid-19; Critical Discourse Analysis; Ideological Micro-strategies; Newspapers; Van Dijk

A Framework for Predicting Memory Errors with a Bayesian Model of Concept Generalization

“Similarity” is often thought to dictate memory errors. For example, in visual memory, memory judgements of lures are related to their psychophysical similarity to targets: an approximately exponential function in stimulus space (Schurgin et al. 2020). However, similarity is ill-defined for more complex stimuli, and memory errors seem to depend on all the remembered items, not just pairwise similarity. Such effects can be captured by a model that views similarity as a byproduct of Bayesian generalization (Tenenbaum & Griffiths, 2001). Here we ask whether the propensity of people to generalize from a set to an item predicts memory errors to that item. We use the “number game” generalization task to collect human judgements about set membership for symbolic numbers and show that memory errors for numbers are consistent with these generalization judgements rather than pairwise similarity. These results suggest that generalization propensity, rather than “similarity”, drives memory errors.

Image of Muslim Women and Media Discursivity: A Case Study of the Washington Post’s Discourses

Print media representation about Islam and Muslims has never been ideology free especially post 9/11. A war of words has ever been there between non-Muslim west and Muslims. The dichotomy of Otherisation divides the world into two poles i.e. good vs. evil. Similarly, the present research critically decodes discourse of articles published in an American newspaper i.e. ‘The Washington Post’ about representation of Muslim women. The data has been collected from the newspapers’ articles which appeared from June 2019 to December 2019. The study employs Fairclough’s (1993) model of Critical Discourse Analysis. The analytical categories of the mentioned model include representation, metaphor, lexicalization, back/fore grounding, in/out group and number game. The data has been analysed at the levels of word, sentence and discourse. The analysis of the data reveals that Muslim women are represented stereotypically through the discourse of the articles of the mentioned newspaper as oppressed, narrow minded, hijabbed, and deviation from norm. Moreover, according to western perception and representation of this American newspaper they are contriving to harm civilized West by introducing new system of caliphate to disturb the activities of civilized world. The study concludes that print media discourses act as distorting prism to represent a desired version of reality about Islam and Muslim women to shape the mindset of the target audience accordingly.

An analytical study of the standards of majority and minority in Quranic teachings

In life, the value given to the opinion of the majority in each aspect and keeping the literate people equal to illiterate is totally wrong. In the contemporary era, this idea is being represented by western democracy. Considering this concept, we have reviewed this idea in the light of teachings of the Holy Quran, and it is concluded that the Holy Quran and the practices of its first instructor; the Prophet (peace be upon him) of Islam does not support this philosophy. It is a purely human-made idea. On the other hand, the divine source of guidance- Islam guides us to give value and to take into consideration the merit, real abilities and capabilities of the human being rather than their mere count. It is concluded in the paper that all matters should be judged based on merit as well as issues should be decided with mutual consultation of the men of intellect, rather than on a majority and minority basis. Merely number game is not the logical way to decide issues. It is the only and the right way, otherwise, ultimate personal and communal failure will be our destiny.

The capacity of human memory: Is there any limit to human memory?

There exist some estimates of the capacity of human memory. Recent studies have proven the fact that Long Term Memory is subject to constant reconfigurations mostly at lower levels of neural clusters. There is no consensus on one definition for the capacity of memory. As far as retrieval of items present in memory is not the concern, it is reasonable to refrain from putting limits on capacity of human memory; otherwise, one must accept a number game which renders no fixed definite final estimation. Recently such capacity is defined as the amount of interference created by the item which must remain active in the memory.

Pragmatics of Political Blame in British and Iraqi Parliaments

This research is a pragmatic study of political blame in British and Iraqi Parliaments. It aims to unfold the similarities and/or differences in terms of the pragmatic and pragma-rhetorical strategies used by British and Iraqi politicians when they exchange blame in both offensive and defensive situations. A statistical analysis is conducted to quantitatively support the findings of the pragmatic analysis. The analyses conducted have yielded different results among blame is a process composed of two stages. Each stage is distinct for its pragmatic components and pragma-rhetorical strategies. British and Iraqi MPs at the blame stage tend to utilize impoliteness as their main strategy. However, British and Iraqi MPs perform differently at the blame avoidance stage in that British MPs employ politeness as their main defense strategy, whereas Iraqi MPs exploit impoliteness. Besides, British and Iraqi MPs at the blame stage tend to violate the maxim of quality by fabricating their statements. At the blame avoidance stage, the maxim of relevance was the most violated one through the strategy of evasion. As for pragma-rhetorical strategies, British and Iraqi politicians at the blame stage exploit the pragma-rhetorical strategy of number-game to support their credibility. At the blame avoidance stage, British politicians primarily utilize hyperbole, whereas Iraqi politicians deploy shifting blame.

PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP MATEMATIKA SISWA DENGAN PENERAPAN MEDIA KARTU PERMAINAN BILANGAN DI SDIT DELI INSANI TANJUNG MORAWA

This study aims to improve the results of learning mathematics of elementary school students SDIT Deli Insani of class V on the subject matter of fractions by using number playing card media. The from of this study is classroom action research conducted in 2 cycles, using number playing cards at SDIT Deli Insani in class V Tanjung Morawa. The subjects of this study were the fifth grade students of SDIT Deli Insani, amounting to 30 students. This action was carried out in April 2018. Methods of collecting data using observation and documentation. The data analysis used is quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results of the study showed an increase in students' ability to understand concepts from the first cycle and second cycle. Percentage of increase in pre-action results, cycle I and cycle II students' concept comprehension ability that is 13.04% for indicators identifying number forms using number game cards (dominoes) and indicators solving problems in fractional form operations using dominoes 27.26%. the success indicator in cycle II reaches 80%. Thus the application of number game cards can improve students' understanding of mathematical concepts at SDIT Deli Insani in Class V.

Study of Domino Number Game Development for Early Children’s Ability to Recognize Numbers

This study aims to develop and produce feasible and effective numerical domino game prototype used as learning to recognize symbols of number 1-10 for children aged 4-5 years. The design of study is research and development research adapted from Borg & Gall research and development using Single one shot case study and One Pretest-Posttest Design Group. But the writers used only 9 steps. The subject in this study are Group A children aged 4-5 years in 6 kindergartens in Duduk sampeyan Subdistrict, Gresik District. Data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative. The results of this developmental research are numerical domino game prototype to develop 4-5 years old children’s ability to recognize number 1-10. The operational field testing stage shows The average score is 0.84, categorized as high. Therefore, it can be concluded that the numeric domino game is feasible and effective game used as learning to recognize the symbol of numbers 1-10 in children aged 4-5 years.