The influence of "Stimix Zoostim" and "Normosil" probiotics on fecal microflora, hematologic indicators, nutrient digestibility, and growth of mother-bonded calves

Aim: This paper presents the results of the studies on "Stimix Zoostim" and "Normosil" probiotics and their influence on fecal microflora, hematologic indicators, immunoresistance, nutrient digestibility, and growth intensity of mother-bonded calves. Materials and Methods: The calves of the control group were fed with their basic diet (BD) without "Stimix Zoostim" or "Normosil", whereas the calves of the experimental group were fed with their BD supplemented with "Stimix Zoostim" and "Normosil". For 10-20-day-old calves, the daily dose was 10 mL per head, whereas 21-90-day-old calves received 15 mL of probiotics per head per day. The calves of the experimental group were administered probiotics every day. Calves aged 10 to 60 days received probiotics with milk, and then at the age of 61 to 90 days, received probiotics with water. (This is a sequential process. At 60 days old, calf rearing with milk stops, and after that, we use probiotics added to water to rear them). Both groups were administered probiotics twice a day, specifically 50% of the daily dose at each feeding time. Results: The results in this study proved that "Stimix Zoostim" and "Normosil" probiotics exhibit high probiotic activity and have a positive effect on the calves' fecal microflora. Feeding the calves with probiotics resulted in a significant increase in the number of normal flora, such as lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria, and a decrease in the amount of Escherichia. It also resulted in an increase in red blood cells, hemoglobin, and ?-globulins within the physiological range. In our study, we found that the phagocytic reaction in the blood serum of the experimental group was slightly enhanced, suggesting a high response of the body to infectious agents. Conclusion: Thus, the group of calves receiving probiotic "Stimix Zoostim" exhibited an exceedance of phagocytic activity by 4.8% and the group receiving "Normosil" by 4.4%, in comparison with the control group. The daily dose of 10 mL of probiotics per head for 10-20-day-old calves and 15 mL per head for 21-90-day-old calves also had a positive effect on nutrient digestibility, growth, and forage consumption. The economic benefit per animal was 149.23 and 157.0 rubles, respectively.

The state of the immunity system in women with latent Papillomavirus infection of the cervix

The article presents modern aspects of the state of immunity in women with latent papillomavirus infection (PVI) of the cervix. The objective: the study of the indicators characterizing the state of immunity in women with latent PVI of the cervix, often associated with urogenital infections (UGI), at the beginning of the survey and after 6 months of observation. Patients and methods. The study of cellular and humoral immunity was performed in 210 women with latent papillomavirus infection (PVI) and 15 healthy women at the beginning of the examination and 6 months later. 84 women were diagnosed with a monoinfection, 126 had a combined PVI and a urogenital infection (UGI). In 140 women transient PVI is established, in 70 – persistent. Results. In women with latent cervical pylori cervix, disorders of cellular immunity were observed (a slight decrease in the relative amount of CD3+, CD4+ lymphocytes and a simultaneous increase in the number of CD8+ lymphocytes, natural killers and B-lymphocytes) against the background of activation of the humoral immunity unit. Nonspecific protection of the female body with PVI was characterized by inhibition of the phagocytic reaction of neutrophils (Nf) and monocytes (Mg) against the background of an increase in oxygen-dependent metabolism, primarily HF, and a decrease in the functional reserve for both NF and MZ. The most pronounced disorders were found for patients with combined PVI and UGI. Conclusion. In women with transient PVI normalization of cellular and humoral immunity was observed, and the further persistence of the human papillomavirus in the genitals led to a more significant inhibition of phagocytic and HCT activity of phagocytes, as well as to a decrease in some parameters of the cellular and humoral immunity units. Key words: papillomavirus infection, cervix, cellular and humoral immunity.

The Natural History of Uterine Leiomyomas: Light and Electron Microscopic Studies of Fibroid Phases, Interstitial Ischemia, Inanosis, and Reclamation

We propose, and offer evidence to support, the concept that many uterine leiomyomas pursue a self-limited life cycle. This cycle can be arbitrarily divided on the basis of morphologic assessment of the collagen content into 4 phases: (1) proliferation, (2) proliferation and synthesis of collagen, (3) proliferation, synthesis of collagen, and early senescence, and (4) involution. Involution occurs as a result of both vascular and interstitial ischemia. Interstitial ischemia is the consequence of the excessive elaboration of collagen, resulting in reduced microvascular density, increased distance between myocytes and capillaries, nutritional deprivation, and myocyte atrophy. The end stage of this process is an involuted tumor with a predominance of collagen, little to no proliferative activity, myocyte atrophy, and myocyte cell death. Since many of the dying cells exhibit light microscopic and ultrastructural features that appear distinct from either necrosis or apoptosis, we refer to this process as inanosis, because it appears that nutritional deprivation, or inanition, is the underlying cause of cell death. The disposal of myocytes dying by inanosis also differs in that there is no phagocytic reaction, but rather an apparent dissolution of the cell, which might be viewed as a process of reclamation as the molecular contents are reclaimed and recycled.

Establishment of a New Immunodeficient Mouse Line Harboring NOD-Type Sirpa with Highly-Efficient Human Hematopoietic Cell Engraftment.

Abstract 2301 To evaluate stem cell potential of human cells in xenotransplant models, a variety of immunodeficient mouse lines have been developed. Depletion of lymphoid cells including T, B and NK cells by introducing with Il2rgnull, and SCID or RAGnull mutations is necessary to avoid rejection of human cells in these models. Interestingly, in mice having these immunodeficiencies, the NOD strain shows even better engraftment of human cells as compared to C57BL/6 or Balb/c strains. Recently, we found that in xenograft rejection, the innate phagocytic reaction of mouse macrophages could occur because murine signal regulatory protein alpha (mSIRPA) on macrophages cannot bind to human CD47 (hCD47). However, NOD-specific polymorphism of mSIRPA allows NOD-type SIRPA to bind hCD47, resulting in inhibition of phagocytic reaction against human cells in this strain at least in vitro. Here, we have established a new immunodeficient BRGS mouse line, C57BL/6.Rag2nullIl2rgnull mice with NOD-type SIRPA. To test the reconstitution activity of human hematopoiesis in vivo, we transplanted 5 × 103 CD34+CD38− human cord blood cells intrafemorally into C57BL/6.Rag2nullIl2rgnull (C57BL/6-RG), BRGS or NOD.Rag1nullIl2rgnull (NOD-RG) mice. At 8 weeks after transplantation, human CD45+ cells were not detectable in C57BL/6-RG mice in the bone marrow. Both BRGS and NOD-RG showed successful reconstitution, and their frequency of human CD45+ cells in the bone marrow was 59.9 % and 55.8% in average, respectively. The frequency of human CD45+ cells was maintained at least until 24 weeks after transplantation. Percentages of CD19+ B cells, CD33+ myeloid cells and CD34+CD38− cells that contain the majority of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were almost equal between the BRGS and the NOD-RG strains. In the spleen, the majority of human cells were CD19+ B cells expressed surface immunoglobulin light chain λ/κ, reflecting their normal maturation. In the thymus, CD4+CD8+ thymic precursors, and CD4+ and CD8+ single positive T cells were present, and they expressed surface T cell receptor (TCR)-ab or TCR-gd. These data show that replacement of the C57BL/6-Sirpa with the NOD-Sirpa is sufficient for the C57BL/6-RG strain to gain the human cell engraftment ability equal to the NOD-RG strain. In addition, the BRGS strain has normal complement activity, in contrast to the NOD strain that does not have C5, a component necessary for complement-dependent cytotoxic (CDC) activity. We injected 8 × 105 cells of Raji cells into BRGS or NOD-RG mice, and administered rituximab, an anti-CD20 antibody that has both CDC and ADCC activities, to test the in vivo efficacy of rituximab on transplanted Raji cells. After injection of rituximab, percentages of human CD45+ Raji cells were significantly decreased in BRGS mice (15.1 %), whereas percentages of Raji cells in NOD-RG mice were only slightly reduced by rituximab treatment (79.2 %). These data clearly show that the CDC activity of antibodies can operate in the BRGS strain. Collectively, this study formally proves that the excellent transplantability of human grafts in the NOD strain is explained simply by a single gene mutation, NOD-specific polymorphism of SIRPA, and that the BRGS strain should be very useful in future xenotransplant experiments of human stem cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Phagocyte Metabolic Activity during Hemodialysis with Different Dialyzers Not Affecting the Number of Circulating Phagocytes

Overall leukocyte counts decrease during certain forms of hemodialysis, but little information is available on the intradialytic evolution of phagocytic metabolic function, especially during dialysis with dialyzers not affecting the number of circulating phagocytes. This study evaluated the phagocytic capacity of granulocytes and monocytes to generate CO2 out of glucose under basic unchallenged conditions and after stimulation with latex or zymosan, before and after 15, 60 and 240 minutes of dialysis with reused cuprophan, AN69S, polysulphone, polymethylmethacrylate and hemophan hemodialyzers. Phagocytic metabolic function was assessed in whole blood on the basis of 14CO2-production from labelled glucose during the phagocytic process. There were no changes in basic unchallenged CO2-production with any of the dialyzers. Reactivity to latex and zymosan, expressed per number of phagocytes, showed no decrease, irrespective of the membrane type. For polymethylmethacrylate and reused cuprophan, a slight but significant increase in metabolic reactivity was observed in response to latex and zymosan. The test employed may give a screening picture of the phagocytic reaction to contact with dialyzers and membranes and thus of their degree of biocompatibility towards the phagocyte system.

Phagocytosis by macrophages. II. The dissociation of the attachment and ingestion steps

The phagocytic process of mouse peritoneal macrophages was dissociated, using bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated particles containing spin-labelled cholestanone, into 2 steps: attachment of particles to the cell surface and ingestion of the particles into the cytoplasm. The number of particles was estimated from electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) measurements. The particles ingested into the cytoplasm were distinguished from those attached to the cell surface by treatment with a membrane-impermeable reducing agent, ascorbate. The validity of the assay method was tested under various conditions. The measurements provided accurate and reproducible data. The phagocytic reaction was followed as a function of time and the rate constants for the attachment and ingestion steps were obtained from the initial phase. Both steps were highly dependent on temperature. Divalent cations in the incubation medium were essential for the attachment step but apparently had no effect on the ingestion step. The metabolic inhibitors, KCN and 2-deoxyglucose, inhibited both steps. Cytochalasin B inhibited both steps, while colchicine inhibited only the attachment step but apparently had no effect on the ingestion step.