Ordinary Versus Novel Particle With the Example of Their Spontaneous Transition

The bicubic equation of particle limiting velocity formalism yields three solutions c1, c2 and c3, (primary, secondary and tertiary) limiting velocities in terms of the congruent parameter  which is defined in terms of m, v, and E, respectively being particle mass, velocity and energy. The bicubic equation discriminant D is given in terms of the congruent parameter z(m). When one has z2(m) ≤ 1 with the discriminant satisfying D ≤ 0 then we are talking about limiting velocities of ordinary particles. Good examples are the relativistic particles such as electron, neutrino,etc., with luminal limiting velocity c3 = c and calculated superluminal c2, and imaginary superluminal c1, all corresponding to the real particle energy. On the specific level, the situations like these, we discuss in the muon neutrino velocities with the OPERA detector and the electron velocities from the 2010 Grab Nebula Flare. The z(m) = 1 value separates the ordinary particles from novel particles, associated with D ⪰ 0 and z2 ⪰ 1 with new novel particle limiting velocity solutions c1, c2 and c3 which depend, in addition to z(m), also on the congruent angle α(m), nonlinearly related to z(m). These solutions are discussed on the newly defined sterile neutrino which here is modeled as an ordinary particle with z2 ⪯ 1 spontaneously transiting via z(m) = 1 into the modeled novel sterile neutrino with z2 ⪰ 1. All ordinary and novel particles limiting velocities carry real particle energies; the ordinary particle limiting velocity solutions being in quadratic forms, while the novel particle limiting velocity solutions being respectively, in quadratic complex form, linear complex form, and just congruent angle α complex quadratic form.

Formation dynamics of mesocrystals composed of organically modified CeO2 nanoparticles: analogy to a particle formation model

Mesocrystals, non-classical crystalline nanostructured materials composed of aligned nanoparticles, present analogous behavior to ordinary particle formation.

Gaussian black holes in Rastall gravity

In this short note we present the solution of Rastall gravity equations sourced by a Gaussian matter distribution. We find that the black hole metric shares all the common features of other regular, General Relativity BH solutions discussed in the literature: there is no curvature singularity and the Hawking radiation leaves a remnant at zero temperature in the form of a massive ordinary particle.

Space-Like Particle Production: an Interpretation Based on the Majorana Equation

This study reconsiders the decay of an ordinary particle in bradyons, tachyons and luxons in the field of the relativistic quantum mechanics. Lemke already investigated this from the perspective of covariant kinematics. Since the decay involves both space-like and time-like particles, the study uses the Majorana equation for particles with an arbitrary spin. The equation describes the tachyonic and bradyonic realms of massive particles, and approaches the problem of how space-like particles might develop. This method confirms the kinematic constraints that Lemke’s theory provided and proves that some possible decays are more favourable than others are.

An Improved Global Particle Swarm Optimization for Faster Optimization Process

An efficient Global Particle Swarm Optimization (GPSO) is proposed in order to overcome the concern of trapping in the local optimal point especially in high dimensional while using ordinary Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). GPSO is able to bring all the particles to be closely clumped together faster than PSO. In this paper, an improved GPSO is proposed in order to get a closely clumped particles group faster than using GPSO. The original GPSO is improved by taking into account the global best fitness error and particle fitness clumping size of every iteration. The improved GPSO is simulated by using several two dimension mathematical function and benchmarked with the original GPSO. The improved GPSO is shown to be able to obtain closely clumped particles much more faster than the original GPSO up to 62%. The performances are also evaluated by comparing the standard deviation, average, best particle and worst particles obtained through a 50 independent runs. In term of the four factors mentioned, the improved GPSO performance is shown to be as good of the original GPSO.

Mirror dark matter: Cosmology, galaxy structure and direct detection

A simple way to accommodate dark matter is to postulate the existence of a hidden sector. That is, a set of new particles and forces interacting with the known particles predominantly via gravity. In general, this leads to a large set of unknown parameters, however, if the hidden sector is an exact copy of the standard model sector, then, an enhanced symmetry arises. This symmetry, which can be interpreted as space–time parity, connects each ordinary particle (e, ν, p, n, γ, …) with a mirror partner (e′, ν′, p′, n′, γ′, …). If this symmetry is completely unbroken, then the mirror particles are degenerate with their ordinary particle counterparts, and would interact amongst themselves with exactly the same dynamics that govern ordinary particle interactions. The only new interaction postulated is photon–mirror photon kinetic mixing, whose strength ϵ, is the sole new fundamental (Lagrangian) parameter relevant for astrophysics and cosmology. It turns out that such a theory, with suitably chosen initial conditions effective in the very early universe, can provide an adequate description of dark matter phenomena provided that ϵ~10-9. This review focusses on three main developments of this mirror dark matter theory during the last decade: early universe cosmology, galaxy structure and the application to direct detection experiments.

Why the Length of a Quantum String Cannot Be Lorentz Contracted

We propose a quantum gravity-extended form of the classical length contraction law obtained in special relativity. More specifically, the framework of our discussion is the UV self-complete theory of quantum gravity. We show how our results are consistent with (i) the generalized form of the uncertainty principle (GUP), (ii) the so-called hoop-conjecture, and (iii) the intriguing notion of “classicalization” of trans-Planckian physics. We argue that there is a physical limit to the Lorentz contraction rule in the form of some minimal universal length determined by quantum gravity, say the Planck Length, or any of its current embodiments such as the string length, or the TeV quantum gravity length scale. In the latter case, we determine the critical boost that separates the ordinary “particle phase,” characterized by the Compton wavelength, from the “black hole phase,” characterized by the effective Schwarzschild radius of the colliding system.

The Impact of Growing Environment on the Organ Development of White Mice

This essay has applied 6 kinds of different materials, studied the impact of white mice’s growth and their organ development in the feeding boxes which are made of 6 kinds of different materials, such as red-pine plain board, red-pine painted board, veneer particle board, ordinary particle board, formaldehyde painted particle board, and plastic. Discover the indoor microenvironment to be fit for the growth of white mice through dissection, determination and comparative analysis of organ weights. The result indicates that white mice are living in the feeding box made of red-pine plain board whose cardiac index is the highest, the index is in the middle for the one living in the veneer particle board and plastic feeding box, the index is lower for the one living in the red-pine box with painted alkyd varnish and ordinary particle board, and the lowest one is living in the particle board box brushed with formaldehyde; The measured value of white mice’s lungs is highest in the red-pine box. It takes second place in the veneer particle board box, others are in the middle, and the lowest one is in the box brushed with formaldehyde; white mice’s liver index is highest in the red-pine box with painted alkyd varnish, it takes second place in red-pine box without painting, and it is the lowest in the ordinary particle board box and particle board box brushed with formaldehyde; white mice’s thymus index is the highest in the plastic box, it is relatively higher in red-pine box and the red-pine box painted with alkyd varnish, and it is the lowest in the particle board box brushed with formaldehyde; white mice’s kidney index (two kidneys) is the highest in the red-pine box with painted alkyd varnish, and it is the lowest in the particle board box brushed with formaldehyde. This shows that wooden environment has the positive effect on feeding white mice. Rooms in homes are the major place for Man’s living and working. Human beings could spend 2/3 of the whole life in the indoor environment. Along with the social progress, economic development, enhanced living standard, and constantly pursuing the quality of life, people are more and more concerned with the structure of living and working space. Rooms are not merely a shelter from the storm, and the more important is to provide a better working and learning environment as well as a comfortable rest place. Therefore, the quality of the indoor environment is influencing Man’s work and study directly. It concerns Man’s survival and health. Research of the relationships between indoor environment and Man’s survival and health, especially studying the impacts of indoor environment on health of growth and breeding, is increasingly becoming a topic not to be ignored [1].

UNPARTICLE AS A PARTICLE WITH ARBITRARY MASS

The unparticle field operator can be expanded in terms of creation and destruction operators corresponding to particles with a continuous mass spectrum. Hence, when the four-momentum of an unparticle is measured, then the unparticle manifests as an ordinary particle with a definite (but arbitrary) mass.