scholarly journals Ordinary Versus Novel Particle With the Example of Their Spontaneous Transition

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Josip Soln
Keyword(s):  
Quadratic Forms ◽  
Sterile Neutrino ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Electron Neutrino ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Real Particle ◽  
Limiting Velocity ◽  
Ordinary Particle

The bicubic equation of particle limiting velocity formalism yields three solutions c1, c2 and c3, (primary, secondary and tertiary) limiting velocities in terms of the congruent parameter  which is defined in terms of m, v, and E, respectively being particle mass, velocity and energy. The bicubic equation discriminant D is given in terms of the congruent parameter z(m). When one has z2(m) ≤ 1 with the discriminant satisfying D ≤ 0 then we are talking about limiting velocities of ordinary particles. Good examples are the relativistic particles such as electron, neutrino,etc., with luminal limiting velocity c3 = c and calculated superluminal c2, and imaginary superluminal c1, all corresponding to the real particle energy. On the specific level, the situations like these, we discuss in the muon neutrino velocities with the OPERA detector and the electron velocities from the 2010 Grab Nebula Flare. The z(m) = 1 value separates the ordinary particles from novel particles, associated with D ⪰ 0 and z2 ⪰ 1 with new novel particle limiting velocity solutions c1, c2 and c3 which depend, in addition to z(m), also on the congruent angle α(m), nonlinearly related to z(m). These solutions are discussed on the newly defined sterile neutrino which here is modeled as an ordinary particle with z2 ⪯ 1 spontaneously transiting via z(m) = 1 into the modeled novel sterile neutrino with z2 ⪰ 1. All ordinary and novel particles limiting velocities carry real particle energies; the ordinary particle limiting velocity solutions being in quadratic forms, while the novel particle limiting velocity solutions being respectively, in quadratic complex form, linear complex form, and just congruent angle α complex quadratic form.

scholarly journals Formation of Particle Real Energy in the Bicubic Equation Limiting Particle Velocity Formalism with Possible Applications to Light Dark Matter

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Josip Soln
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Particle Velocity ◽  
Dark Matter Particle ◽  
Particle Energy ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
The Real ◽  
Complex Particle ◽  
Particle Parameters ◽  
Real Value ◽  
Limiting Velocity

The complex particle energy, appearing in this article, with the suggestive choices of physical parameters,is transformed simply into the real particle energy. Then with the bicubic equation limiting particle velocity formalism, one evaluates the three particle limiting velocities, $c_{1},$ $c_{2}$\ and $% c_{3},$ (primary, obscure and normal) in terms of the ordinary particle velocity, $v$, and derived positive $m_{+}=m\succ 0$ \ and negative \ $% m_{-}=-m\prec 0$ \ \ particle masses with $m_{+}^{2}=m_{-}^{2}=$ $m^{2}$. In general, the important quantity in solving this bicubic equation is the real square value $\ z^{2}(m)$ of the congruent parameter, $z(m)$, that connects real or complex value of particle energy, $E,$ and the real or complex value of particle velocity squared, $v^{2}$, $2Ez(m)=3\sqrt{3}mv^{2}$% . With real $z^{2}(m)$ one determines the real value of discriminant, $D,$ of the bicubic equation, and they together influence the connection between $% E$ and $v^{2}.$ Hence, when $z^{2}\prec 1$ and \ $D\prec 0$ one has simply that $E\gg mv^{2}$. However,with $D\succeq 0$ and $z^{2}\succeq 1$ , both $E$ and $v^{2}$ may become complex simultaneously through connecting relation $% E=3\sqrt{3}mv^{2}/2z(m)$, with their real values satisfying \ Re $E\succcurlyeq m\left( \func{Re}v^{2}\right) $, keeping, however $z^{2}$ the same and real. In this article, this new situation with $D\succeq 0$ is discussed in detail.by looking as how to adjust the particle\ parameters to have $\func{Im% }E=0$ with implication that automatically also Im$v^{2}=0.$.In fact, after having adjusted the particle\ parameters successfully this way, one simply writes Re$E=E$ and Re$v^{2}=v^{2}$. \ \ This way one arrives at that the limiting velocities satisfy $c_{1}=c_{2}$\ $\#$ $c_{3}$, which shows the degeneracy of $c_{1}$ and $c_{2}$ as the same numerical limiting velocity for two particles. This degeneracy $c_{1}$ =$c_{2}$ is simply due to the absence of $\func{Im}E$. It would start disappearing with just an infinitesimal $\func{Im}E$. Now,while $c_{1}=c_{2}$ is real, $c_{3}$ is imaginary and all of them associated with the same particle energy, $E$. With these velocity values the congruent parameter becomes quantized as $% z(m_{\pm })=3\sqrt{3}m_{\pm }v^{2}/2E=\pm 1$ which, with the bicubic discriminant $D=0$ value, implies the quantization also of the particle mass, $m,$ into $m_{\pm }=\pm m$ values . The numerically equal energies,from $E=\func{Re}E$ can be expressed as $\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $$E(c_{1,2}($ $m_{\pm }))=E(c_{3}(m_{\pm }))$ either directly in terms of $% c_{1}(m_{\pm })=c_{2}(m_{\pm })$ and $c_{3}(m_{\pm })$ or also indirectly in terms of particle velocity, $v$, as well as in the Lorentzian fixed forms with $v^{2}\#$ $c_{1}^{2},$ $c_{2}^{2}$\ or $c_{3}^{2}$ assuring different from zero mass, $m$ $\#$ $0$. At the end, with here developed formalism, one calculates for a light sterile neutrino dark matter particle, the energies associated with $m_{\pm} $ masses and $c_{1,2}$and $c_{3}$ limiting velocities.

scholarly journals NEUTRINO SPECTRUM DISTORTION DUE TO OSCILLATIONS AND ITS BBN EFFECT

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 831-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIELA KIRILOVA
Keyword(s):  
Sterile Neutrino ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Neutrino Energy ◽  
Electron Neutrino ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Neutrino Mixing ◽  
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis ◽  
Cosmological Constraints ◽  
Neutrino Spectrum ◽  
Primordial Abundance

We study the distortion of electron neutrino energy spectrum due to oscillations with the sterile neutrino νe↔νs, for different initial populations of the sterile state δNs at the onset of oscillations. The influence of this spectrum distortion on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis is analyzed. Only the case of an initially empty sterile state was studied in previous publications. The primordial abundance of 4He is calculated for all possible δNs:0≤δNs≤1 in the model of oscillations, effective after electron neutrino decoupling, for which the spectrum distortion effects on the neutron–proton transitions are the strongest. It is found that the spectrum distortion effect may be dominant, not only in the case of small δNs, but also in the case of large initial population of νs. For example, in the resonant case it may play a considerable role even for very large δNs~0.8. Cosmological constraints on neutrino mixing for small δNs are discussed.

scholarly journals Neutrino oscillations in the presence of super-light sterile neutrinos

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (20n21) ◽  
pp. 1650123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paraskevi Divari ◽  
John Vergados
Keyword(s):  
Sterile Neutrino ◽  
Neutral Current ◽  
Neutron Number ◽  
Electron Neutrino ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Sterile Neutrinos ◽  
Short Baseline ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Reactor Neutrino ◽  
Neutrino Experiments

In this paper, we study the effect of conversion of super-light sterile neutrino (SLSN) to electron neutrino in matter like that of the Earth. In the Sun the resonance conversion between SLSN and electron neutrino via the neutral current is suppressed due to the smallness of neutron number. On the other hand, neutron number density can play an important role in the Earth, making the scenario of SLSN quite interesting. The effect of CP-violating phases on active-SLSN oscillations is also discussed. Reactor neutrino experiments with medium or short baseline may probe the scenario of SLSN.

scholarly journals Roles of sterile neutrinos in particle physics and cosmology

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1930005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sin Kyu Kang
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Sterile Neutrino ◽  
Electron Neutrino ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sterile Neutrinos ◽  
Short Baseline ◽  
Cosmological Observations ◽  
Cosmological Data ◽  
Electron Neutrino Appearance

The impacts of the light sterile neutrino hypothesis in particle physics and cosmology are reviewed. The observed short baseline neutrino anomalies challenging the standard explanation of neutrino oscillations within the framework of three active neutrinos are addressed. It is shown that they can be interpreted as the experimental hints pointing towards the existence of sterile neutrino at the eV scale. While the electron neutrino appearance and disappearance data are in favor of such a sterile neutrino, the muon disappearance data disfavor it, which gives rise to a strong appearance–disappearance tension. After a brief review on the cosmological effects of light sterile neutrinos, proposed signatures of light sterile neutrinos in the existing cosmological data are discussed. The keV-scale sterile neutrinos as possible dark matter candidates are also discussed by reviewing different mechanisms of how they can be produced in the early Universe and how their properties can be constrained by several cosmological observations. We give an overview of the possibility that keV-scale sterile neutrino can be a good DM candidate and play a key role in achieving low-scale leptogenesis simultaneously by introducing a model where an extra light sterile neutrino is added on top of type I seesaw model.

scholarly journals Neutrino Flavor Transitions as Mass State Transitions

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 948
Author(s):  
John R. Fanchi
Keyword(s):  
Sterile Neutrino ◽  
Electron Neutrino ◽  
Muon Neutrino ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Relativistic Dynamics ◽  
Tau Neutrino ◽  
Neutrino Flavor

Experiments have shown that transitions occur between electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tau neutrino flavors. Some experiments indicate the possible existence of a fourth neutrino known as the sterile neutrino. The question arises: do all neutrino flavors participate in transitions between flavors? These transitions are viewed as mass state transitions in parametrized relativistic dynamics (PRD). PRD frameworks have been developed for neutrino flavor transitions associated with the mixing of two mass states or the mixing of three mass states. This paper presents an extension of the framework to neutrino flavor transitions associated with the mixing of four mass states.

scholarly journals Constraints on the Active and Sterile Neutrino Masses from Beta-Ray Spectra: Past, Present and Future1

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otokar Dragoun ◽  
Drahoslav Vénos
Keyword(s):  
Neutrino Mass ◽  
Sterile Neutrino ◽  
Electron Neutrino ◽  
Neutrino Masses ◽  
Effective Electron ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Cosmological Observations ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
The Universe

Although neutrinos are probably the most abundant fermions of the universe their mass is not yet known. Oscillation experiments have proven that at least one of the neutrino mass states hasmi> 0.05 eV while various interpretations of cosmological observations yielded an upper limit for the sum of neutrino masses ∑mi< (0.14 ‒ 1.7) eV. The searches for the yet unobserved 0νββ decay result in an effective neutrino massmββ< (0.2 ‒ 0.7) eV. The analyses of measured tritium β-spectra provide an upper limit for the effective electron neutrino massm(ve) < 2 eV. In this review, we summarize the experience of two generations of β-ray spectroscopists who improved the upper limit ofm(ve) by three orders of magnitude. We describe important steps in the development of radioactive sources and electron spectrometers, and recapitulate the lessons from now-disproved claims for the neutrino mass of 30 eV and the 17 keV neutrino with an admixture larger than 0.03%. We also pay attention to new experimental approaches and searches for hypothetical sterile neutrinos.

scholarly journals New results from the OPERA experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 02036
Author(s):  
Sergey Dmitrievsky
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Sterile Neutrino ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Electron Neutrino ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Full Data ◽  
Annual Modulation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Twofold Increase ◽  
Signal Sample

The OPERA experiment reached its main goal by proving the appearance of νη in the CNGS νμ beam. A total sample of 5 candidates fulfilling the analysis defined in the proposal was detected with a S/B ratio of about ten allowing to reject the null hypothesis at 5.1σ. The search has been extended to γη-like interactions failing the kinematical analysis defined in the experiment proposal to obtain a statistically enhanced, lower purity, signal sample. Based on the enlarged data sample the estimation of Δm223 in appearance mode is presented. The search for νe interactions has been extended over the full data set with a more than twofold increase in statistics with respect to published data. The analysis of the νμ μ νe channel is updated and the implications of the electron neutrino sample in the framework of the 3+1 sterile model is discussed. An analysis of νμ μ νπ interactions in the framework of the sterile neutrino model has also been performed. Moreover the results of the analysis of the annual modulation of the cosmic muon rate will be presented.

The Clinician Directed Hierarchy: A Clinical Training Tool

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill K. Duthie
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Supervision ◽  
Clinical Training ◽  
Clinical Teaching ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Target Behaviors ◽  
Intervention Process

Abstract Clinical supervisors in university based clinical settings are challenged by numerous tasks to promote the development of self-analysis and problem-solving skills of the clinical student (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, ASHA, 1985). The Clinician Directed Hierarchy is a clinical training tool that assists the clinical teaching process by directing the student clinician’s focus to a specific level of intervention. At each of five levels of intervention, the clinician develops an understanding of the client’s speech/language target behaviors and matches clinical support accordingly. Additionally, principles and activities of generalization are highlighted for each intervention level. Preliminary findings suggest this is a useful training tool for university clinical settings. An essential goal of effective clinical supervision is the provision of support and guidance in the student clinician’s development of independent clinical skills (Larson, 2007). The student clinician is challenged with identifying client behaviors in the therapeutic process and learning to match his or her instructions, models, prompts, reinforcement, and use of stimuli appropriately according to the client’s needs. In addition, the student clinician must be aware of techniques in the intervention process that will promote generalization of new communication behaviors. Throughout the intervention process, clinicians are charged with identifying appropriate target behaviors, quantifying the progress of the client’s acquisition of the targets, and making adjustments within and between sessions as necessary. Central to the development of clinical skills is the feedback provided by the clinical supervisor (Brasseur, 1989; Moss, 2007). Particularly in the early stages of clinical skills development, the supervisor is challenged with addressing numerous aspects of clinical performance and awareness, while ensuring the client’s welfare (Moss). To address the management of clinician and client behaviors while developing an understanding of the clinical intervention process, the University of the Pacific has developed and begun to implement the Clinician Directed Hierarchy.

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