Quantitative Assessment of Iodine Intensity of Different Types of Lesions in the Low-Energy (LE) Images of Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography (CESM)

Purpose: To assess the iodine enhancement intensity of breast lesions in low energy (LE) images obtained in contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) with different tissue compositions. Materials and Methods: A 50 mm dedicated phantom with different lesion insert and iodine insert were used to assess the enhancement intensity quantitatively. The target slab of the phantom consists of three lesions + iodine inserts together and 100% adipose equivalent,100% glandular equivalent inserts alone to mimic the adipose and glandular lesion without contrast-enhancement. Each iodine inserts having a concentration of 0.5 mgI/cm3, 1.0 mgI/cm3, 2.0 mgI/cm3. The phantom was exposed under semiautomated function at 28 kV, 30 kV, and 32 kV with Mo/Rh target/filter combination. Iodine intensity was estimated for three types of lesions at three breast equivalent compositions. Results: Lesions with fatty tissue had high intensity while lesions with glandular tissues had the minimum intensity. Among fatty lesions, highest mean intensity value (0.972±0.003) observed with minimum iodine concentration (F + 0.5 mgI/cm3). The highest mean intensity value (0.882±0.001) was found related to the glandular lesion with maximum iodine concentration (G + 2.0 mgI/cm3). The one-way ANOVA statistical test confirmed that mean intensity values were significantly varied among different lesions (P < 0.05). Conclusion: LE images obtained in CESM can be used to identify the different types of lesions without performing the full field digital mammography (FFDM) as an additional examination prior to the CESM procedure.

The Mesoamerican mid-summer drought: the impact of its definition on occurrences and recent changes

The mid-summer drought, veranillo or canícula, is a phenomenon experienced in many areas, including Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. It generally is experienced as reduced rainfall in July–August, in the middle of the typical rainy season (May–September). Many past studies have attempted to quantify changes in mid-summer drought characteristics during the recent past or for future climate projections. To do this, objective definitions of a mid-summer drought’s occurrence, strength and duration have been developed by many researchers. In this effort we adopt a recent set of definitions and examine the impact of varying these on the characterization of mid-summer droughts and the detected changes over the past four decades. We find the selection of a minimum intensity threshold has a dramatic effect on the results of both the area considered as experiencing a mid-summer drought and the changes detected in the recent historical record. The intensity chosen can affect both the magnitude and direction of changes reported in the recent observed record. Further, we find that the typical mid-summer drought pattern may not be occurring during the time it has historically; whether examining past or future changes or developing improved seasonal forecasts, the non-stationarity of its timing should be accommodated.

Study of biological and ecological features of permanent ectoparasites of cattle

The aim of the research was to study the epizootological features of bovicolosis and sifunculatosis and to determine their biological features. Materials and methods. Eight groups of animals were examined, 15 animals in each, including cows, heifers and calves. Groups of calves consisted of 13 heifers and 17 bulls. A total of 103 females and 17 male cattle were examined. Results. During observations, it was noted that in most cases, certain species of ectoparasites were found on different animals. In the case of their simultaneous parasitism on one animal, populations occupied different parts of the host's body. The causative agents of sifunculatosis (L. vituli) and bovicolosis (B. bovis) were determined. During the study of epizootological features of sifunculatosis and bovicolosis, attention was paid to the seasonality of the invasion – the minimum intensity of the invasion was observed in the warm season, the maximum – in winter. The extent of invasion among calves reached 100 %. The biological features of ectoparasites were studied. According to the data obtained, it was determined that linognathus are greater than B. bovis at all stages of development. Egg size 0.8–0.9 mm, larvae go through all stages of molting from 0.7 mm to 3.3 mm, adults reach a size of 3.3–4.0 mm. However, the eggs of B. bovis reached 0.3–0.5 mm, the size of the larvae 0.4–1.0 mm, adults ranged from 1 mm to 1.8 mm. Conclusions. It was noted that the intensity of the infestation of bovicolosis and sifunculatosis increases in the cold season. The young are most prone to lesions.

Post-Activation Potentiation in Strength Training: A Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature

This review aimed to determine the ideal combination of post activation potentiation (PAP) strategies for an improved strength performance. After analysing 202 articles, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings of this review suggest that a potentiation effect exists as long as a minimum intensity and enough rest are provided. Although intensities of 65% 1RM are sufficient to elicit a potentiation effect, higher effects can be achieved with 85 - 90% 1RM intensities. Similarly, we found that experienced athletes will benefit more from a higher volume bout (1-3 sets), as long as 7-8 minutes of rest are allowed to avoid fatigue.

RELASI DESAIN KEMASAN PRODUK SHEET MASK TERHADAP KONSUMEN WANITA GENERASI MILENIAL

<br /><div>The Relation of Sheet Mask Product Packaging Design to Millenial Women Consumers. Indonesia’s rapidly increasing economic growth and per-capita income makes cosmetics one of the most important needs for Indonesian, especially women. The increasing population of the millennial generation is the key factor to the growth of the Indonesian cosmetics market. Nowadays, cosmetic products have become a primary need for millennial women. The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between sheet<br />mask product packaging and the behavior of millennial women. The method used is phenomenology with five participants who already have experience in using local brand sheet masks and routinely using sheet masks with a minimum intensity of once a week. In-depth interviews in this study were used as the main method of data collection. The results showed that millennial women chose sheet mask products based on the benefits of the sheet mask products. Furthermore, millennial women choose based<br />on the brand after the benefits of the product. When choosing a sheet mask product, packaging design is not the main factor that influences women of millennial women. However, the packaging design is<br />a supporting factor in choosing a sheet mask product to attract the attention of buyers and ensure the product quality.</div><div><br /><br /><strong>Abstrak</strong></div><div><div><br />Relasi Desain Kemasan Produk Sheet Mask Terhadap Konsumen Wanita Generasi Milenial. Pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pendapatan per-kapita Indonesia yang meningkat pesat menjadikan kosmetik sebagai salah satu kebutuhan yang penting bagi masyarakat Indonesia khususnya kaum wanita. Bertambahnya jumlah populasi penduduk generasi milenial menjadi faktor besarnya pasar kosmetik Indonesia. Saat ini, produk kosmetik telah menjadi kebutuhan primer bagi wanita generasi milenial. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan relasi antara desain kemasan produk kosmetik sheet mask terhadap perilaku wanita generasi milenial. Metode yang digunakan adalah fenomenologi dengan partisipan sebanyak lima orang yang sudah memiliki pengalaman dalam memakai sheet mask merk lokal dan rutin memakai sheet mask dengan intensitas minimal sekali dalam seminggu. Wawancara mendalam dalam penelitian ini digunakan sebagai metode utama dalam pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa wanita generasi milenial memilih produk sheet mask berdasarkan manfaat dari kandungan yang diberikan oleh produk sheet mask. Selanjutnya didukung oleh brand setelah manfaat yang diberikan produk tersebut. Dalam memilih suatu produk sheet mask, desain kemasan bukanlah faktor utama mempengaruhi generasi milenial. Namun desain kemasan adalah faktor pendukung dalam memilih produk sheet mask untuk menarik perhatian dari calon pembeli dan meyakinkan bahwa produk tersebut berkualitas.</div></div>

A case of pediatric paraspinal arteriovenous fistula with multiple fistulas

Paraspinal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a rare vascular malformation. This is the first described case of a pediatric paraspinal AVF along nonvertebral segmental nerve with multiple fistulas. An 8 months-old girl was found to have a continuous murmur on the back on chest auscultation. Enhanced computed tomography revealed a segmental nerve AVF of the right thoracic spine. Selective angiography of the right T8 and T9 intercostal arteries demonstrated a high flow fistula at the level of the neural foramen, with drainage to the epidural and azygos veins. The fistulas point was visualized using Volume rendering(VR) and Minimum Intensity Projection(MIP) images. Endovascular treatment from the right T8 and T9 feeding arteries was provided using coils and n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate(NBCA). Postembolization angiography demonstrated complete occlusion of the fistulas. The postoperative course was uneventful. We discuss the first case of a pediatric paraspinal AVF along nonvertebral segmental nerve with double holes of fistulas with literature review.