GENETICALLY TURKISH OIKONYMS OF ODESSA REGION: MOTIVATED / UNMOTIVATED RENEWALS OF THE SOVIET PERIOD.

Introduction. The article analyzes the oikonyms of the modern Odessa region, which were formed during the Turkish-Tatar (Nogai) history of this region. The genetic Turkic names that the Bulgarian settlers moved to a new place of residence from their homeland (or from the territory of Turkey) during the end of the XVIII – first half of the XIX century are analyzed. These names were changed as a result of administrative intervention by the Soviet authorities, mainly during 1944–1945. Аim. The study aims to carry out etymological and structural-semantic analysis of genetically Turkic oikonyms of modern Odessa region. The object of the study is the genetically Turkic names of the settlements of Odesa region (local and transferred by Bulgarian settlers from across the Danube), which were changed administratively mainly after 1944; the subject of research is to find out the etymologies of the corresponding oikonyms and their structural and semantic characteristics. Research methods. For the analysis of oikonyms the descriptive method is applied by means of which the structure of both historical (genetically Turkic), and new (Soviet period) names is characterized, and also reception of the etymological analysis for establishment of etymons of genetically Turkic names of settlements. Research results. The article identifies word-forming models, presents the classification of genetically Turkic oikonyms of Odesa region, clarifies the dеonymic motivation of their creative bases; the structure of new (renamed) names is characterized. Conclusions. It is proved that most renamings do not take into account either the derivation model, which formed the original name of the settlement, or the appellate (onym) meaning of the creative bases, which convincingly testifies to their artificial nature, lack of connection with local nature, historical and cultural features of the region. It should be noted that it is necessary to change the names of the modern Odessa region, in particular the names with the Russian imperial connotation (Alexandrovka, Suvorov), as well as with the Russian-speaking structure (Udobne, Utkonosivka).

When the company causes harm: Effective corporate sentencing in a justice system based on individual fault

<p>The imposition of corporate liability is problematic in terms of both conviction and sentencing. Once convicted, it is still difficult to effectively sanction a corporation, as the artificial nature of the entity means it cannot be imprisoned. This problem is illustrated by the Pike River disaster and the relevant corporation’s conviction for nine health and safety offences. In that case, the defendant was insolvent, so no effective financial penalty could be imposed. This paper will consider the range of sanctions that could be used to effectively punish a guilty corporate defendant. A starting point for corporate sentencing would be the imposition of a financial penalty (both reparation orders and fines). However, if the company is insolvent, this may be ineffective. There are several mechanisms which could be used to overcome the issue of insolvency, but the court should also consider various non-financial penalties and the imposition of sanctions against individuals. The court may be able to adequately punish a company if a variety of penalties is used.</p>

When the company causes harm: Effective corporate sentencing in a justice system based on individual fault

<p>The imposition of corporate liability is problematic in terms of both conviction and sentencing. Once convicted, it is still difficult to effectively sanction a corporation, as the artificial nature of the entity means it cannot be imprisoned. This problem is illustrated by the Pike River disaster and the relevant corporation’s conviction for nine health and safety offences. In that case, the defendant was insolvent, so no effective financial penalty could be imposed. This paper will consider the range of sanctions that could be used to effectively punish a guilty corporate defendant. A starting point for corporate sentencing would be the imposition of a financial penalty (both reparation orders and fines). However, if the company is insolvent, this may be ineffective. There are several mechanisms which could be used to overcome the issue of insolvency, but the court should also consider various non-financial penalties and the imposition of sanctions against individuals. The court may be able to adequately punish a company if a variety of penalties is used.</p>

Interpreting and knowledge mediation in the healthcare setting: What do we really mean by “accuracy”?

This paper explores the concept of “accuracy” in the context of interpreter-mediated healthcare interaction by reporting on a study of simulated doctor-patient consultations involving professional Australian Sign Language (Auslan)/English interpreters. Wadensjö’s (1998) taxonomy of renditions is used to analyse the ways interpreters convey health information. Our data reveals that interpreters frequently produce reduced and expanded renditions that are not detrimental to the message or the interaction. There has previously been little discussion of how qualified interpreters make these decisions, and we suggest that achieving accuracy in the healthcare setting may be a more dynamic and context-dependent process than previously suggested. While the use of role-plays can on the one hand can be considered a delimiting factor (due to their artificial nature), they also allow a systematic comparison of different interpreters, thus providing more robust evidence for healthcare interpreter training.

Support Teaching in Schools: Perceptions of Teacher Trainees

Support Teaching in Schools (STS) is a vital element in any teacher education programme. It is considered the most fundamental way in helping teacher trainees to become effective implementers of the school curriculum. This study sought to ascertain the perception of teacher trainees on the benefits and challenges of the STS program in Akrokerri College of Education. This study used a hybrid research technique to find out about the perception of teacher trainees towards STS. The study data were collected through online questionnaires, and then descriptive statistics and content analysis approach were used to analyze research questions. The main objective of the paper was to examine teacher trainees perception concerning STS; to find out whether the opinion of teacher trainees on STS differ with regards to gender; to ascertain the benefits and of STS to the teacher trainees; and to identify specific challenges of STS during COVID 19 pandemic. In all 235 teacher trainees responded, findings from the study proved that teacher trainees perceived support teaching in school (STS) as beneficial, as it has helped them connect college base training to practical skills and knowledge of the teaching profession. Time wasting due to single bus for conveying students to practice schools; lack of proper orientation; the inability of some link tutors to visit schools; insufficient teaching and learning resources were some of the challenges encountered by teacher trainees. Other challenges emanating from STS as a result of the COVID 19 pandemic were lack of orientation on online STS, poor internet connectivity, inadequate time and the artificial nature of STS.

Repurposing asynchronous video interview software for virtual pharmacy OSCEs during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic required pharmacy educators to seek creative and innovative ways of delivering learning outcomes in the virtual environment. Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) have been particularly challenging to deliver online. Objective: To explore the use of asynchronous video interview software as a platform for virtual OSCEs in pharmacy education, and for conducting brief structured research interviews. Method: Fourth year Bachelor of Pharmacy students at an Australian university, were interviewed via asynchronous video interview software (Big Interview) about their perceptions of using the platform for virtual OSCEs. Results: 37 students (92.5%) used Big Interview to complete at least one summative OSCE case during a team-based simulation. Seven research interviews were recorded by six students. Positive comments focussed on facilitation of self-reflection and self-correction in patient questioning and counselling. Negative views concerned the lack of authenticity, including the robotic and artificial nature of interactions. Conclusion: Asynchronous video interview software for pharmacy OSCEs may assist formative learning and self-reflection, offering an adjunct to, but not replacement of, in-person communication

MODIFIED CAM-CLAY MODELS FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF GRANULAR METAMATERIALS IN EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

the problem of protecting buildings and structures from vibrations of natural and artificial nature is im-portant for modern construction. One of such modern methods of protection is seismic pads. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of adding a layer of granular metamaterial under a slab foundation on the vibration of a building under the influence of seismic shear waves (S-waves). To achieve this objective, the finite element method (FEM) was used in combination with Cam-Clay models. The FE model consists of a ten-story superstructure rested on the slab foundation, under which there is a layer of granular metamateri-als. 16 models were created taking into account changes in the values of these parameters (pad thickness; density; cohesion; critical state strength parameter (M); Young's modulus-Poisson's ratio). The dynamic analysis performed using the software package Abaqus/CAE showed the effectiveness of granular met-amaterials in their ability to dissipate seismic energy and significantly reduce vibration transmitted from the ground to the building.

The Rise of the Xenes: From the Synthesis to the Integration Processes for Electronics and Photonics

The recent outcomes related to the Xenes, the two-dimensional (2D) monoelemental graphene-like materials, in three interdisciplinary fields such as electronics, photonics and processing are here reviewed by focusing on peculiar growth and device integration aspects. In contrast with forerunner 2D materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, the Xenes pose new and intriguing challenges for their synthesis and exploitation because of their artificial nature and stabilization issues. This effort is however rewarded by a fascinating and versatile scenario where the manipulation of the matter properties at the atomic scale paves the way to potential applications never reported to date. The current state-of-the-art about electronic integration of the Xenes, their optical and photonics properties, and the developed processing methodologies are summarized, whereas future challenges and critical aspects are tentatively outlined.