Effects of exploring a novel environment on memory across the lifespan

Exploration is a crucial aspect of mammalian behavior, and new environments provide unique opportunities to learn. Exploration of a novel environment has been shown to promote memory formation in healthy adults, even for unrelated events. Studies in animals have suggested that such novelty-induced memory boosts are mediated by hippocampal dopamine. The dopaminergic system is known to develop and deteriorate over the lifespan, but so far, the effects of novelty on memory across the lifespan have not yet been investigated. In the current study, we used novel and previously familiarized virtual environments to pinpoint the effects of spatial novelty on declarative memory in humans across the lifespan. After exploring a novel or familiar environment, participants were presented a list of words, and either performed a semantic task (deep encoding) or judged whether the first letter of the shown word was open or closed (shallow encoding). Incidental memory was quantified in a surprise test. Our sample (n = 439) included children, adolescents, younger adults, and older adults. Results showed that participants in the deep encoding condition remembered more words than those in the shallow condition, but novelty did not influence this effect. Interestingly, however, children, adolescents and younger adults benefitted from exploring a novel compared to a familiar environment as evidenced by better word recall, while these effects were absent in older adults. Our findings suggest that the beneficial effects of novelty on memory follow the deterioration of pathways in the brain involved in novelty-related processing across the lifespan.

Liquid Film Behavior of Bottoming Liquid Jet in a Shallow Pool Measured by 3D-LIF

When the core meltdown accident occurs in the nuclear plant, molten corium falls into a coolant pool of the lower plenum. It is considered that the molten corium jet is broken up, cooled, and solidified with fuel-coolant interaction (FCI). However, the coolant pool could be a shallow condition by the leakage and evaporation of the coolant. In this situation, it is considered that the corium jet bottoms and spreads without the jet breakup. From the viewpoint of safety, understanding a jet behavior and estimating a cooling behavior are needed. The purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanism of the liquid jet behavior in a shallow pool as the fundamental process for estimating the cooling behavior in the real machine. In this paper, we discuss the spreading behavior of the liquid jet after bottoming. The jet injection experiment was conducted using test fluids. By using the 3D-LIF method, the 3D visualization of the liquid jet was Successfully implemented. From the visualization result, the following behaviors were seen. After bottoming, the jet spread radially with the liquid film. As the jet spreading behavior, the liquid film was rolled up to the inside, and the vortex was formed. After a certain time, the vortex was broken. Then the flow and the number density of the fragment were changed.

The Role of Encoding Strategy in the Memory for Expectation-Violating Concepts

Minimal counterintuitiveness and its automatic processing has been suggested as the explanation of persistence and transmission of cultural ideas. This purported automatic processing remains relatively unexplored. We manipulated encoding strategy to assess the persistence of memory for different types of expectation violation. Participants viewed concepts including two types of expectation violation (schema-level or domain-level) or no violation under three different encoding conditions: in the shallow condition participants focused on the perceptual attributes of the concepts, a deep condition probed their semantic meaning, and intentional remembering condition. Participants’ recall was tested immediately as well as 2 weeks later. Our findings showed the greatest memory enhancement for schema-level violations regardless of the encoding condition, while the memory for domain-level violations improved over time. These results suggest two distinct memory patterns for different types of violations, and illustrate the importance of elaborative processes in memory consolidation especially for violations to our expectations.

BOEZEM WONOREJO RUNGKUT DI GUNUNG ANYAR SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGENDALI BANJIR DI WILAYAH SURABAYA SELATAN

Surabaya as the Capital of East Java Province is a settlement area and also as the centers of Industry, Trade, Service, Education. Due to the development of all activities lines grow rapidly, including the supplying of housing, industrial plants, thus automatically they change the land functions (land use), and the river functions formerly as the irrigation but now changed to be the drainage, causing the increasingly large of flow coefficient, also increasingly large the surface overflow discharge. With the changes, they change irrigation canal functions become the drainage, that bring the river constriction impact, that the river no longer able to hold and channeling flood discharge both come from the upper course, and due to the local rainfall occurred continually in the dry season, water will overflow to flood the areas with the low elevation under sea level, causing the prolonged water backup, as a result, disturb the economy wheel circulation, causing the big losses. To overcome backup water many things we can perform, such as waterworks widening, sediment dredging, and the making of dike heightening, waterway diversion. By the consideration that costing is expensive and the difficult of area (land) deliverance at the settlement area in order to overcome the water backup/flood, then the solution as alternative can be taken is revitalization of Wonorejo Boezem in Gunung Anyar of Rungkut area, where its land is not productive (non productive fishpond area) with the shallow condition. Instead of revitalization, it is also developed the new construction or enlargement of reservoir capacity in the Boezem. From the results of this research consistent with the work items result in as follows: Sum the design flow discharge as much as 51.4863 m3/s(C.I.A)+0,446 (gross water discharge people) + 0.3327 m3s (gross water discharge Industry) = 52.165 m3/s with the repeated period scale of 10 years, while the reservoir discharge capacity of Wonorejo Boezem as much as less than 570,874 m3 need th design flow discharge as much as 586.000 m³s and the drainage flowing water to the Boezem, the drainage dike height is 1.50 m with water level of 1.25 meters and wide 28 meters, then in order to suppress the budget costing for flood control in Southern Surabaya Area, as the alternative is by function maximally on the Wonorejo Boezem reservoir, still sufficiently can overcome flood.

Level of Processing Modulates the Neural Correlates of Emotional Memory Formation

Emotion is known to influence multiple aspects of memory formation, including the initial encoding of the memory trace and its consolidation over time. However, the neural mechanisms whereby emotion impacts memory encoding remain largely unexplored. The present study used a levels-of-processing manipulation to characterize the impact of emotion on encoding with and without the influence of elaborative processes. Participants viewed emotionally negative, neutral, and positive scenes under two conditions: a shallow condition focused on the perceptual features of the scenes and a deep condition that queried their semantic meaning. Recognition memory was tested 2 days later. Results showed that emotional memory enhancements were greatest in the shallow condition. fMRI analyses revealed that the right amygdala predicted subsequent emotional memory in the shallow more than deep condition, whereas the right ventrolateral PFC demonstrated the reverse pattern. Furthermore, the association of these regions with the hippocampus was modulated by valence: the amygdala–hippocampal link was strongest for negative stimuli, whereas the prefrontal–hippocampal link was strongest for positive stimuli. Taken together, these results suggest two distinct activation patterns underlying emotional memory formation: an amygdala component that promotes memory during shallow encoding, especially for negative information, and a prefrontal component that provides extra benefits during deep encoding, especially for positive information.