Mathematical Modeling of the Process of Reduction of the Material Consumption of Gas Transmission System Elements

The new method for a comprehensive assessment of the strength, durability and material capacity of the critical elements of the main gas pipelines, taking into account the combined impact of factors causing damage (environment, corrosion, random loading, geometry variation, material defects, etc.), which are changing the bearing capacity and material capacity of these structures, is proposed. As the main damaging factor, the process of corrosion fatigue is accepted, the qualitative and quantitative assessment of which are realized by applying a set of equations of comparable fatigue lines obtained by fatigue tests carried out in air and in corrosive environment. By the joint solution of these equations, the functions of the corrosion action coefficients are obtained in a wide range of cyclic strength and durability, which in standard calculation procedures are performed only for cyclic strength and only at the inflection point of the fatigue lines (NG 5  106 cycles).The issues of reducing the material consumption and ensuring the cost-effectiveness of structures, by using relatively cheap materials for pipelines - low-carbon and low-alloy structural steels subjected to surface hardening in stressed sections of pipes (edge welds) in order to significantly increase the physical and mechanical characteristics of the used steel grades are considered. In order to increase the corrosion resistance of these sections, contemporary polymer anticorrosive coatings are used.

Comparison of a metronome-guided prehospital medication infusion technique with standard calculation: a simulated randomized, controlled, cross-over study

Background Limited research regarding administration of timed medication infusions in the prehospital environment has identified wide variability with accuracy, timing, and overall feasibility. This study was a quality improvement project that utilized a randomized, controlled, crossover study design to compare two different educational techniques for medication infusion administration. We hypothesized that the use of a metronome-based technique would decrease medication dosage errors and reduce time to administration for intravenous medication infusions. Methods Forty-two nationally registered paramedics were randomized to either a metronome-based technique versus a standard stopwatch-based technique. Each subject served as a control. Subjects were asked to establish an infusion of amiodarone at a dose of 150 mg administered over 10 min, simulating treatment of a hemodynamically stable patient with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Descriptive statistics and a repeated measures mixed linear regression model were used for data analysis. Results When compared to a standard stopwatch-based technique, a metronome-based technique was associated with faster time to goal (median 34 s [IQR, 22–54] vs 50 s; [IQR 38–61 s], P = 0.006) and fewer mid-infusion adjustments. Ease of use was reported to be significantly higher for the metronome group (median ranking 5, IQR 4–5) compared to the standard group (median ranking 2, IQR 2–3; P < 0.001). Conclusions Knowledge regarding a metronome technique may help EMS clinicians provide safe and effective IV infusions. Such a technique may be beneficial for learners and educators alike.

Carbon emissions of Provincial Administrative Regions from the airlines in China

This paper seeks to calculate the overall emissions of China’s 413 main domestic routes in 2018, containing the Landing and Take-Off (LTO) emissions and Climb/Cruise/Descent (CCD) emissions. First, the standard calculation method of LTO emissions proposed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is applied to calculate the LTO emissions of 413 routes and 40 airlines. Next, the modified Fuel Percentage Method (MFPM) is used to calculate the CCD emissions of main aircraft types at various distances. Then the overall emissions are split into the Provincial Administrative Regions (PARs) on the routes to discuss the probable carbon compensations, which is the core to build an aviation carbon trading mechanism. China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, and Air China are the top three airlines in emissions. Guangdong has the most carbon emissions from airlines, but it may get the third most carbon compensation from the airlines.

Image Captioning using CNN and LSTM

In the model we proposed, we examine the deep neural networks-based image caption generation technique. We give image as input to the model, the technique give output in three different forms i.e., sentence in three different languages describing the image, mp3 audio file and an image file is also generated. In this model, we use the techniques of both computer vision and natural language processing. We are aiming to develop a model using the techniques of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to build a model to generate a Caption. Target image is compared with the training images, we have a large dataset containing the training images, this is done by convolutional neural network. This model generates a decent description utilizing the trained data. To extract features from images we need encoder, we use CNN as encoder. To decode the description of image generated we use LSTM. To evaluate the accuracy of generated caption we use BLEU metric algorithm. It grades the quality of content generated. Performance is calculated by the standard calculation matrices. Keywords: CNN, RNN, LSTM, BLEU score, encoder, decoder, captions, image description.

A mathematical model to estimate the incidence of child wasting in Yemen

Introduction The ongoing civil war in Yemen has severely restricted imports of food and fuel, disrupted livelihoods and displaced millions, worsening already high pre-war levels of food insecurity. Paired with frequent outbreaks of disease and a collapsed health system, this has brought rates of wasting in children under five to the country’s highest recorded levels, which continue to increase as the crisis worsens and aid becomes increasingly limited. In their planning of services to treat and prevent wasting in children, humanitarian agencies rely on a standard calculation to estimate the expected number of cases for the coming year, where incidence is estimated from prevalence and the average duration of an episode of wasting. The average duration of an episode of moderate and severe wasting is currently estimated at 7.5 months—a globally-used value derived from historical cohort studies. Given that incidence varies considerably by context—where food production and availability, treatment coverage and disease rates all vary—a single estimate cannot be applied to all contexts, and especially not a highly unstable crisis setting such as Yemen. While recent studies have aimed to derive context-specific incidence estimates in several countries, little has been done to estimate the incidence of both moderate and severe wasting in Yemen. Methods In order to provide context-specific estimates of the average duration of an episode, and resultingly, incidence correction factors for moderate and severe wasting, we have developed a Markov model. Model inputs were estimated using a combination of treatment admission and outcome records compiled by the Yemen Nutrition Cluster, 2018 and 2019 SMART surveys, and other estimates from the literature. The model derived estimates for the governorate of Lahj, Yemen; it was initialized using August 2018 SMART survey prevalence data and run until October 2019—the date of the subsequent SMART survey. Using a process of repeated model calibration, the incidence correction factors for severe wasting and moderate wasting were found, validating the resulting prevalence against the recorded value from the 2019 SMART survey. Results The average durations of an episode of moderate and severe wasting were estimated at 4.86 months, for an incidence correction factor k of 2.59, and 3.86 months, for an incidence correction factor k of 3.11, respectively. It was found that the annual caseload of moderate wasting was 36% higher and the annual caseload of severe wasting 58% higher than the originally-assumed values, estimated with k = 1.6. Conclusion The model-derived incidence rates, consistent with findings from other contexts that a global incidence correction factor cannot be sufficient, allow for improved, context-specific estimates of the burden of wasting in Yemen. In crisis settings such as Yemen where funding and resources are extremely limited, the model’s outputs holistically capture the burden of wasting in a way that may guide effective decision-making and may help ensure that limited resources are allocated most effectively.

Additional noise reduction with diffracting elements on barriers using numerical and standard calculation methods

The noise reduction of a (low) barrier can be enhanced by using an additional element with quarter-wavelength resonators with varying depths. A so-called Whiswall or WHIStop deflects sound upwards for specific frequencies. Measurements for a 1.1 meter high Whiswall and for a 1.1m barrier are compared in a separate paper. The enhanced barrier effect is measured at a short distance behind the barrier, for several situations. In this paper these measurements are compared with the results of a numerical finite element model (FEM) to validate this model. Next, the noise reduction is calculated at long ranges, up to 600 meters, for different point-to-point scenarios representative for road and rail traffic. A numerical parabolic equation method (PE) is coupled to the FEM model and a representative downwind condition is taken into account. The results at longer distance are used to design an engineering method for the enhanced barrier effect that can be used in standard noise calculation models, such as the Dutch national calculation model (SRM2) or the ISO 9613-2 standard.

Research on Bearing Fatigue Life of New Type Tire Unloader based on Ncode DesignLife

The new tire unloading machine is used for unloading and turning over the giant radial tire (weighing 6t). During the turning process, due to the huge inertial force of the tire and the collision force between the plywood and the tire, the tire unloading machine bearing is subjected to complex alternating stresses. It is difficult to predict the fatigue life of a bearing. To this end, the paper combines Ncode DesignLife, ADAMS and Workbench numerical analysis platform to predict the fatigue life of tire unloading machine bearings. At the same time, the ISO bearing life standard calculation method is used to evaluate the bearing life and compare the two calculation results. The research results show that the simulation prediction of the bearing life at the lowermost rocker arm of the tire unloader is 2190.56h, and the bearing life of the uppermost guide wheel bearing is 2025.56h. Accordingly, the ISO prediction results are 1717.12h and 1128.44h, which are basically in the same order of magnitude. It shows that the simulation method of bearing life prediction used in the article is reasonable. The research can provide theoretical guidance for the bearing type matching and service life of the giant tire unloader.

A Mathematical Model to Estimate The Incidence of Child Wasting In Yemen

Introduction: The ongoing civil war in Yemen has severely restricted imports of food and fuel, disrupted livelihoods and displaced millions, worsening already high pre-war levels of food insecurity. Paired with frequent outbreaks of disease and a collapsed health system, this has brought rates of wasting in children under five to the country’s highest recorded levels, which continue to increase as the crisis worsens and aid becomes increasingly limited. In their planning of services to treat and prevent wasting in children, humanitarian agencies rely on a standard calculation to estimate the expected number of cases for the coming year, where incidence is estimated from prevalence and the average duration of an episode of wasting. The average duration of an episode of moderate and severe wasting is currently estimated at 7.5 months – a globally-used value derived from historical cohort studies. Given that incidence varies considerably by context – where food production and availability, treatment coverage and disease rates all vary – a single estimate cannot be applied to all contexts, and especially not a highly unstable crisis setting such as Yemen. While recent studies have aimed to derive context-specific incidence estimates in several countries, little has been done to estimate the incidence of both moderate and severe wasting in Yemen. Methods:In order to provide context-specific estimates of the average duration of an episode, and resultingly, incidence correction factors for moderate and severe wasting, we have developed a Markov model. Model inputs were estimated using a combination of treatment admission and outcome records compiled by the Yemen Nutrition Cluster, 2018 and 2019 SMART surveys, and other estimates from the literature. The model derived estimates for the governorate of Lahj, Yemen; it was initialized using August 2018 SMART survey prevalence data and run until October 2019 – the date of the subsequent SMART survey. Using a process of repeated model calibration, the incidence correction factors for severe wasting and moderate wasting were found, validating the resulting prevalence against the recorded value from the 2019 SMART survey.Results:The average durations of an episode of moderate and severe wasting were estimated at 4.86 months, for an incidence correction factor k of 2.59, and 3.86 months, for an incidence correction factor k of 3.11, respectively. It was found that the annual caseload of moderate wasting was 36% higher and the annual caseload of severe wasting 58% higher than the originally-assumed values, estimated with k = 1.6.Conclusion:The model-derived incidence rates, consistent with findings from other contexts that a global incidence correction factor cannot be sufficient, allow for improved, context-specific estimates of the burden of wasting in Yemen. In crisis settings such as Yemen where funding and resources are extremely limited, the model’s outputs holistically capture the burden of wasting in a way that may guide effective decision-making and may help ensure that limited resources are allocated most effectively.

FEATURES OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS IN AUDITORIUM

The choice of air distribution scheme is the most important task which determines indoor air quality, comfort thermal mode of the room and effectiveness of ventilation systems. The article presents comparative analysis of displacement and mixing ventilation systems for large premises. The methodology of the study is based on existing theoretical provisions and standard calculation approach of supply air jets. Multivariate calculations of mixing air distribution in cinema hall are presented. Horizontal jets along room surfaces can not provide required air velocity. In the case of vertical air distribution relative jet area beyond the recommended values. This factor had thus determined the possible formation of circulation contours with high concentrations of harmful emissions. The results of the calculation shows that the speed of the fan jet at the entrance of occupied zone lower than maximum permissible air mobility. The required temperature is achieved by using all air-distributing units considered.