REGULISANO SOPSTVO / REGULATED SELF

Starting from Agamben's understanding of the dispositive, Foucault's concept of technologies of the self, Derrida's deconstruction of the ontological status of identity and Lacan's concept of identity desubjectivization, in the article that follows, we analyze identity as a symbolic product of the reification and internalization of the auto-centric nature of the semantic order into the consciousness of individuals. The disposition, as a pre-experiential symbolic space of an image of the world, determines the technology of the self and the type of self-experience. The pre-modern World picture produces an ethnocentric self, the modern World picture produces an egocentric self and the postmodern World picture produces a logocentric self. Identity has no ontological status - it is the result of attributing meaning to the biological presence of individuals. Identity is not subjective than, as pure objectivity, it is the product of a reification of the semantic order as a subject. Identity has a conservative function because as a result of the internalization of the symbolic order into the consciousness of individuals, its function is to preserve the semantic order that establishes it, not to overcome it.

Hukum Pembangunan dari Mochtar Kusuma-atmadja: Mengarahkan Pembangunan atau Mengabdi pada Pembangunan?

This article discusses Hukum Pembangunan (the Law of Development), a legal thought from Mochtar Kusuma-atmadja. The concept of hukum pembangunaan was beckgrounded with the concern about the role of law that showed malaise in a developing society. In order for the law to have a contribution in development, the law is not sufficiently functioned to maintain the orderliness of people’s lives, a conservative function, but also must be empowered to direct change and development in order. Thus the law can be a tool of social engineering. To carry out such functions, hukum pembangunan encourages the need to legal guidance which includes legal reform in the legal field that is neutral in terms of culture and religion, and legal education directed at improving technical and professional capabilities. This article shows that hukum pembangunan is a legal thought that is practically urgent in the face of increasingly complex social changes and an ongoing development agenda, and therefore will be relevant at all times. However, the unclearly criteria about what changes or developments need to be supported by law, while the character of the legal product is determined by the ongoing political constellation, causes the projection of hukum pembangunan to be easily trapped in the wills of development or power, rather than merely directing development. Abstrak Artikel ini membahas hukum pembangunan, sebuah pemikiran hukum dari Mochtar Kusuma-atmadja. Konsep hukum pembangunan bermula dari keprihatinan Sang Tokoh terhadap peranan hukum yang menunjukkan kelesuan dalam masyarakat yang sedang membangun. Agar punya kontribusi dalam pembangunan, maka hukum tidak cukup difungsikan sebatas menjaga ketertiban kehidupan masyarakat, suatu fungsi yang konservatif, melainkan juga harus diberdayakan untuk mengarahkan perubahan dan pembangunan supaya berlangsung secara teratur dan tertib. Hukum dengan begitu dapat menjadi alat atau sarana dalam pembangunan. Untuk menjalankan fungsi demikian, hukum pembangunan mendorong perlu dilakukannya pembinaan hukum nasional yang meliputi antara lain pembaruan hukum pada bidang yang netral dari segi kebudayaan dan keagamaan, serta pendidikan hukum yang diarahkan pada peningkatan kemampuan teknis dan profesional. Artikel ini menunjukkan, hukum pembangunan merupakan pemikiran hukum yang secara praksis penting dalam menghadapi berbagai perubahan sosial yang semakin kompleks dan agenda pembangunan yang terus berlangsung, dan karenanya akan relevan dalam setiap masa. Namun demikian, ketidakjelasan kriteria perubahan atau pembangunan seperti apa yang perlu didukung dengan bersaranakan hukum, sementara di sisi lain karakter produk hukum itu dipengaruhi oleh konstelasi politik yang tengah berlangsung, menyebabkan proyeksi hukum pembangunan bisa dan mudah terjebak pada kehendak-kehendak pembangunan atau kekuasaan, dan bukan sekadar mengarahkan pembangunan.

DIREITOS HUMANOS E DEMOCRACIA: a razão existencial e a invenção e conservação dos Direitos Humanos / HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY: Existential Reason and the Invention and Conservation of Human Rights

RESUMO. O tema dos Direitos Humanos demanda uma discussão sobre racionalidade e democracia. Não é possível sustentar os Direitos Humanos sem o fundamento da existência e morte do sujeito. É esta razão existencial que nos permite intuir a universalidade dos Direitos Humanos. São as formas de existência plurais que determinam a diversidade dos sujeitos e das perspectivas de compreensão dos Direitos Humanos e é neste modelo comunicacional aberto e democrático que avançamos e criamos a oportunidade de reconhecimento de sujeitos e direitos. Entretanto, se por um lado, há uma função revolucionária e transformadora do mundo e da sociedade por parte dos Direitos Humanos, atualmente, surge, de forma igual, a necessidade de uma função conservadora das formas de existência por ele protegidas. Observa-se que, se pela democracia chegamos ao reconhecimento dos Direitos Humanos, ela também traz consigo riscos que sugerem uma posição contrarrevolucionária e de conservação de direitos contra maiorias tirânicas. O presente estudo constitui uma abordagem filosófica e política dos Direitos Humanos, construída a partir de argumentos de cunho existencialista e crítico da razão instrumental moderna. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direitos Humanos; Razão Existencial; Democracia. ABSTRACT. The theme of Human Rights demands a discussion about rationality and democracy. It is not possible to sustain human rights without the foundation of the subject's existence and death. It is this existential reason that allows us to realize the universality of Human Rights. It is the plural forms of existence that defines the diversity of the subjects and the perspectives of understanding Human Rights and it is in this open and democratic communication model that we advance and create the opportunity of recognition of subjects and rights. However, while on the one hand there is a revolutionary and transforming function of the world and society on the part of Human Rights, there is also a need today for a conservative function of the forms of existence protected by it. It is observed that if by democracy we settled to the recognition of Human Rights, it also brings with it risks that suggest a counterrevolutionary position and conservation of rights against tyrannical majorities. The present study constitutes a philosophical and political approach to Human Rights, built on arguments of an existentialist and critical view of modern instrumental reason. KEYWORDS. Human Rights; Existential Ratio; Democracy.

Identification of water conservative tree species with high economic value around “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah”

Spring conservation require serious concern on the economic advantages for the society. Without economic advantages achieved from the conservation activities, the conservation programme should face intense conflict of land utilization. Plantation of economically valuable conservative plant species is one of the proposed solution to overcome the problem. This research aimed to identify the economic value of conservative plant species found in “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah” surrounding. Research was conducted through field observation involving 4 line transects and 4 square transects at each line with transect size of 20 m x 20 m. Plant identification was conducted for tree strata. Data analysis was including diversity, evenness and importance index of respective plants. Economic valuation was conducted through literature study. The result showed there were 28 plants species availabile in “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah” surrounding. Among the plant species 22 of the had been identified to provide conservative function, while 6 of them weren’t including Banana, Papaya, Melinjo, Pangi, Longan and Stink Bean. Instead of providing conservative function, most plants also provide economic advantages including wood, fruit, flower, bud, leaf, fibre, sugar, peel and bean products while only 3 of them were not identified including Banyan, Manila Tamarind and Amboyna Wood. Plantation of economically valuable conservative plant species is recommended to support the conservation of the spring as well as to provide economic advantage for the society. Keywords: conservation, economic, plant, “Sendang Kalimah Toyyibah”, spring

National Sovereignty Versus the Rule of Law

So evident has become the reality of the international community on the one hand, and that of occupational groups on the other, that sociology, which is more concerned with social tendencies than with formal doctrine of any kind, has largely discarded the idea of the sovereign nation-state. But juristic science in considerable measure still clings to it. This is true because the latter is naturally more concerned than sociology with the conservative function of legal formalities. Yet the progressivist influence that sociology has already exerted upon legal concepts is likely to continue; which means that the present sociological insistencies will more nearly correspond with the legal ideas of tomorrow than they do with those of today. Law, in order to maintain its function, must of necessity feed upon the fresh materials of change; to live, it will, in the long run, have to conform to moral and social needs. Morality, which is always at least a step ahead of the law, requires to be followed by the law, for the sake of the life of both, at a distance neither too great nor too short. For the law that follows too closely upon the heels of morality, no less than that which is too far behind, fails to be generally respected and enforced. Legal development is in constant need of being harmonized with all the other strands of history, to the end of the good life. This historic propriety is the ideal not only for the content of legislation, but also—though here the steps of change are fewer and longer—in the realm of fundamental juristic concepts such as that of national sovereignty.