William Colenso’s Māori-English Lexicon

<p>William Colenso, one of Victorian New Zealand’s most accomplished polymaths, is remembered best as a printer, a defrocked missionary, botanist, and politician. Up till now, his role as a lexicographer has been largely neglected. His major biographies touch only briefly on his attempt to compile a Māori-English dictionary while Colenso himself spent 30 years on this project. His Lexicon, published the year before his death, is only the incomplete letter A of Māori to English and a handful of pages of English to Māori. The neglect by Colenso’s biographers is a surprising omission given the length of time Colenso spent on his Lexicon, the amount of extant material that relates to it, and the richness of the Lexicon itself as a resource. This thesis asks what William Colenso’s Maori-English Lexicon contribute to our understanding of Colenso’s life, and about the history of language in New Zealand? In chapter one, a brief outline of Colenso’s roles as a missionary, a botanist, a school inspector and a politician establish important biographical context for considering his attempt to compile a Lexicon. The main resource drawn upon is the 30 years’ worth of correspondence between Colenso and the New Zealand government relating to the Lexicon, which affords an overview of the project. The Lexicon itself is a rich resource. In chapter two, I have drawn on a methodology suggested by Ogilvie and Coleman in their paper Forensic Lexicography in order to interrogate the Lexicon. Lastly, in chapter three, themes and discourses found in the archive are considered. Examining the Lexicon demonstrates how rich of a resource it is. The findings establish the wealth of information that the Lexicon can contribute to historical lexicography, and the history of linguistics in New Zealand. Colenso is revealed a ‘splitter’ in his lexicography, just as he was in his botany. He overwhelmingly drew on printed sources as citations when compiling his Lexicon, which raises questions about what ‘authority’ means when recording a language with an oral tradition. Te reo Māori was a means for Colenso to access many aspects of te ao Māori. The Lexicon also reveals Colenso as a life-long language learner. The archive reveals Colenso as man deeply anxious about his professional standing. His insistence on what he referred to as fair and reasonable remuneration is an insistence on the worth of his knowledge. This thesis argues that Colenso’s Lexicon is a product of language contact and cultural exchange. And it is a window into Colenso’s life as a man who learnt another language.</p>

William Colenso’s Māori-English Lexicon

<p>William Colenso, one of Victorian New Zealand’s most accomplished polymaths, is remembered best as a printer, a defrocked missionary, botanist, and politician. Up till now, his role as a lexicographer has been largely neglected. His major biographies touch only briefly on his attempt to compile a Māori-English dictionary while Colenso himself spent 30 years on this project. His Lexicon, published the year before his death, is only the incomplete letter A of Māori to English and a handful of pages of English to Māori. The neglect by Colenso’s biographers is a surprising omission given the length of time Colenso spent on his Lexicon, the amount of extant material that relates to it, and the richness of the Lexicon itself as a resource. This thesis asks what William Colenso’s Maori-English Lexicon contribute to our understanding of Colenso’s life, and about the history of language in New Zealand? In chapter one, a brief outline of Colenso’s roles as a missionary, a botanist, a school inspector and a politician establish important biographical context for considering his attempt to compile a Lexicon. The main resource drawn upon is the 30 years’ worth of correspondence between Colenso and the New Zealand government relating to the Lexicon, which affords an overview of the project. The Lexicon itself is a rich resource. In chapter two, I have drawn on a methodology suggested by Ogilvie and Coleman in their paper Forensic Lexicography in order to interrogate the Lexicon. Lastly, in chapter three, themes and discourses found in the archive are considered. Examining the Lexicon demonstrates how rich of a resource it is. The findings establish the wealth of information that the Lexicon can contribute to historical lexicography, and the history of linguistics in New Zealand. Colenso is revealed a ‘splitter’ in his lexicography, just as he was in his botany. He overwhelmingly drew on printed sources as citations when compiling his Lexicon, which raises questions about what ‘authority’ means when recording a language with an oral tradition. Te reo Māori was a means for Colenso to access many aspects of te ao Māori. The Lexicon also reveals Colenso as a life-long language learner. The archive reveals Colenso as man deeply anxious about his professional standing. His insistence on what he referred to as fair and reasonable remuneration is an insistence on the worth of his knowledge. This thesis argues that Colenso’s Lexicon is a product of language contact and cultural exchange. And it is a window into Colenso’s life as a man who learnt another language.</p>

Trust in Talent

This chapter examines the career of Ilya Averbakh, whose work more than any other director’s came to signify to 1970s audiences the essence of “Lenfilm style.” It contends that a key factor in Averbakh’s easy progress to authority among his elders was his capacity to inspire trust not just by his professional standing within the world of cinema, or his elite Leningrad background, but by virtue of his former professional life as a physician—that is, his membership of a group that enjoyed particularly high esteem from the Soviet population generally. The chapter also traces the resonance of trust in Averbakh’s own films, and particularly, Degree of Risk (which represents a cardiologist) and Monologue, where a scientist’s difficult path to professional rehabilitation is juxtaposed to his increasingly tense relations with his student-age granddaughter.

Internal audit as an antecedent of economic growth

PurposeThis paper reports a study that examines the role of the internal audit function as a cornerstone of corporate governance, on economic growth.Design/methodology/approachData were obtained from 108 countries for the period 2011–2015. The World Bank, the Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation and the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index were the data sources. Two statistical techniques were used: regression analysis to test the study hypotheses and the Chi-squared test to determine whether variations between countries.FindingsThe findings suggest that conformance with internal audit standards and maturity (in years) of the internal audit department contribute to economic growth. They also reveal a relationship between the professional standing of internal audit staff (represented by professional qualifications and number of training hours annually) and the contribution to economic growth, that being that the greater the professional standing of staff, the greater internal audit conformance to the standards and the higher the contribution to economic growth. Further, the findings reveal that the impact of internal audit on economic growth varies among countries according to income classifications.Originality/valueThe consideration of internal audit as one of the four fundamental bases of corporate governance, and therefore, its relationship with economic growth is a neglected topic in the research arena. This study addresses that shortcoming by providing worldwide evidence on the contribution of internal audit to economic growth and, thus, makes a new contribution to the literature. Further, evidence is provided to enlighten poorly performing economies of the value of mandating the presence of internal audit and the compliance of it with international internal audit standards.

Anger Management (Ameliorative Labor)

This chapter uses in-depth interviews with women attacked online to explore how they cope with the harassment. It shows that women employ multiple coping strategies (e.g., retreating into like-minded enclaves, constructing narratives in which the abuse does not affect them), shaped by the perceived threat and real impact of their attacks, which are—in turn—shaped by their severity, the social position of the target, and the extent to which the toxic content is supported by pre-existing stereotypes and cultural biases. More privileged women have a wider array of coping strategies available, as their social class; professional standing; membership in historically valued racial, ethnic, and religious groups; and possession of arbitrary markers of respectability (e.g., thinness and emotional restraint) work to deflect some accusations while also creating space for resistance. Regardless of how women cope, these efforts take time and sap energy, yielding costs of their own.

Success to Significance

While scholars generally posit upward mobility as a secularizing force, for evangelical executives, success in business catalyzes a deeper commitment to faithful living. Fame and fortune do not quench evangelical business leaders’ appetite for spiritual things, but rather activate or intensify such longings. Evangelical executives are deeply committed to exercising positive influence at their companies and beyond. But the executives who do so are those—and only those—who have acquired sufficient discretion and resources to exercise influence without compromising their professional standing or altering their lifestyle. While the deferral of significance is not unique to evangelical executives, their explicit endorsement of the transition from success to significance is important inasmuch as the ability to point to activities of significance that are facilitated by success in business strengthens the case that business is a worthy spiritual calling and legitimates lofty career aspirations, along with the accompanying sacrifices and eventual perquisites.

The Changing Prosecution Role

This chapter analyzes the drivers that are reshaping the prosecution service in both jurisdictions, which rest neither on adversarial nor inquisitorial procedural values, nor on broader concerns with fair trial, but on the processing of large numbers of cases with the minimum of cost and delay in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of criminal justice responses to crime. The center of gravity has shifted further toward the pretrial phase, drawing power away from the judiciary toward the public prosecutor and, in some instances, the police. This has been achieved in part through the routine delegation of work and a process of deprofessionalization, in which procedures for the treatment of cases are standardized and simplified, becoming almost automatic. This recasting of the prosecution function has implications for the independence of the prosecutor, for her autonomy and professional standing, and for the balance of legal and constitutional power in the criminal process.

Towards a Greater Professional Standing: Evolution of Pharmacy Practice and Education, 1920–2020

The history of community pharmacy in America since the 1920s is one of slow progress towards greater professional standing through changes in pharmacy education and practice. The history of American community pharmacy in the modern era can be divided into four periods: 1920–1949 (Soda Fountain Era), 1950–1979 (Lick, Stick, Pour and More Era), 1980–2009 (Pharmaceutical Care Era), and 2010–present (Post-Pharmaceutical Care Era). As traditional compounding has waned, leaders within community pharmacy have sought to shift focus from product to patient. Increasing degree requirements and postgraduate training have enhanced pharmacists’ ability to provide patient care services not directly associated with medication dispensing. However, the realities of practice have often fallen short of ideal visions of patient-focused community pharmacy practice. Positive trends in the recognition of the impact of community pharmacists on healthcare value and the need for more optimal medication management suggest that opportunities for community pharmacists to provide patient care may expand through the 21st century.

The Figure of the Taṇḍa in Old Javanese Literary and Epigraphical Records

This article offers a detailed analysis of the category of men known as taṇḍa. Widely attested in literary records and known from Old Javanese inscriptions, the function and social status of taṇḍa has been a controversial issue. Two views pertaining to the identity of these men have been advanced so far. According to most scholars, taṇḍa were high-status officials, often interpreted as military ‘officers’. According to an alternative view, they were low-status military figures and their function was to oversee markets, or they were low-status figures associated with music and performances. This article argues that until at least 1200 CE taṇḍa were court-based, active combatants, who had troops of their own followers at their disposal and were responsible for the military expansion of Javanese states. By the Majapahit period they were integrated as regular troops into the progressively more hierarchical system of the professional standing army, which resulted in their reduced social status.