Design for Testability of High-Speed Advance Multipliers

An efficient design for testability (DFT) has been a major thrust of area for today's VLSI engineers. A poorly designed DFT would result in losses for manufacturers with a considerable rework for the designers. BIST (built-in self-test), one of the promising DFT techniques, is rapidly modifying with the advances in technology as the device shrinks. The increasing complexities of the hardware have shifted the trend to include BISTs in high performance circuitry for offline as well as online testing. Work done here involves testing a circuit under test (CUT) with built in response analyser and vector generator with a monitor to control all the activities.

Modelling Analysis and Simulation for Reliability Prediction for Thermal Power System

The size of the power system is growing exponentially due to heavy demand of power in all the sectors (e.g., agricultural, industrial, and commercial). Due to this, the chance of failure of individual units leading to practical or complete collapse of power supply is common to be encountered. The reliability of power system is therefore the most important feature to be maintained above some acceptable threshold value. Furthermore, the maintenance of individual units can also be planned and implemented once the level of reliability for given instant of time is known. The proposed research therefore aims at determining the threshold reliability of generation system. The generation system consists of boiler, water, blade angle in turbine, shaft coupling, excitation system, generator winding, circuit breaker, and relay. This chapter presents the mathematical model of reliability of individual components and equivalent reliability of the entire generation system. It suggests the approach to determine the critical reliability of both individual and equivalent reliability of the generation system.

Reliability Analysis

As the integration of components are increasing from VLSI to ULSI level. This may lead to damage of electronic system because each component has its own operating characteristics and conditions. So, health prognostic techniques are used that comprise a deep insight into failure cause and effects of all the components individually as well as an integrated technique. It will raise alarm, in case health condition, of the components drift from the desired outcomes. From toy to satellite and sand to silicon, the major key constraint of designing and manufacturing industry are towards enhanced operating performance at less operating time. As the technology advances towards high-speed and low-cost gadgets, reliability becomes a challenging issue.

PVT Variability Check on UCM Architectures at Extreme Temperature-Process Changes

The UCM (universal compressor-based multiplier) architecture promises to provide faster multiplication operation in supply voltage as low as 0.6 V. The basic component of UCM architecture is a universal compressor architecture that replaces the conventional Wallace tree algorithm. To extend the work further, in this chapter, a detailed PVT (process-voltage-temperature) analysis is performed using Cadence Virtuoso 90nm technology. The analysis shows that the delay of the UCM has reduced more significantly than the Wallace tree algorithm at extreme process, voltage, and temperature.

Frequency-Based RO-PUF

Arbiter PUF and RO-PUF are two well-known architectures. Arbiter PUF is a simple architecture and easy to implement while RO-PUF require exponentially large hardware. As shown in this chapter, the digital design of RO-PUF response is 42.85% uniform and 46.25% unique.

Artificial Intelligence for Interface Management in Wireless Heterogeneous Networks

Wireless communication/networks are developing into very complex systems because of different requirements and applications of consumers. Today, mobile terminals are equipped with multi-channel and multiple access interfaces for different kinds of applications (or services). The combination of these access technologies needs an intelligent control to interface the best channel, interface/access or link for best services. In interface management, an arrangement is used to assign channels to interfaces in the multi-channel multi-interface environment. Artificial intelligence is one of the upcoming areas with different techniques which is used now a days to meet user's requirements. Quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) are the performance parameters on which the success of any technique depends upon. Reliability of any system plays an important role in user satisfaction. This chapter shows some of the artificial techniques that can be used to make a reliable system.

High Level Transformation Techniques for Designing Reliable and Secure DSP Architectures

Reverse engineering (RE) has become a serious threat to the silicon industry. To overcome this threat, the ICs need to be made secure and non-obvious in order to find their functionality with their architecture. Real-time signal processing algorithms need to be faster and more reliable. Adding up additional circuits for increasing the security of the IC is not permittable due to increase in overhead of the IC. In this chapter, the authors introduce a few high-level transformations (HLT) that are used to make the circuit more reliable and secure against the reverse engineering without having overhead on the IC.

A Novel Moth-Flame Algorithm for PID-Controlled Processes With Time Delay

This chapter proposes a classical controller to control the industrial processes with time delay. A new population-based metaheuristic technique, called moth flame optimization (MFO) algorithm, is employed to tune the parameters of the classical proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for achieving the desired set point and load disturbance response. MFO-based PID controller may deal with wide ranges of processes, which includes integrating and inverse response as well as it may control the processes of any order with time delay. The transient step response profile obtained from the proposed MFO-based PID controller is juxtaposed with those obtained from other methods for optimizing the gains of the PID controller to control the processes with time delay. The proposed controller is analyzed by implementing step disturbance in the process at a specific simulation time. For few time delay processes, reference models are employed for better transient response as well as to analyze the controller for controlling the overall system with reference model.

Nanocomposite-Based Humidity Sensor

A humidity sensor detects, measures, and reports the content of moisture in the air. Using low cost composite materials, a humidity sensor has been fabricated. The characterization has been done using various techniques to prove its surface morphology and working. The fabricated sensor detects relative humidity in the range of 15% to 65%. The life of the sensor has been calculated using different experimental and statistical methods. An expert system has been modeled using different artificial intelligence techniques that predict failure of the sensor. The failure prediction of fabricated sensor using Fuzzy Logic, ANN, and ANFIS are 81.4%, 97.4%, and 98.2% accurate, respectively. ANFIS technique proves to be the most accurate technique for prediction of reliability.

40-GHz Inductor Less VCO

In a modern communication system, voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) acts as a basic building block for frequency generation. VCO with LC tank is preferred with passive inductor and varactor in radio frequency. Practical tuning range of VCO is low and unsuitable for wideband application. Switched capacitor and inductor can widen but at cost of chip area and complex system architecture. To overcome it, an equivalent circuit of the inductor is created. In this work, inductor-less VCO is implemented with CMOS 90nm technology that has center frequency 40GHz and frequency tuning range 37.7GHz to 41.9GHz.