Comparative Performance Analysis of Selected Routing Algorithms by Load Variation of 2-Dimensional Mesh Topology Based Network-On-Chip

Network-on-Chip (NoC) has been proposed as a viable solution to the communication challenges on System-on-Chips (SoCs). As the communication paradigm of SoC, NoCs performance depends mainly on the type of routing algorithm chosen. In this paper different categories of routing algorithms were compared. These include XY routing, OE turn model adaptive routing, DyAD routing and Age-Aware adaptive routing. By varying the load at different Packet Injection Rate (PIR) under random traffic pattern, comparison was conducted using a 4 × 4 mesh topology. The Noxim simulator, a cycle accurate systemC based simulator was employed. The packets were modeled as a Poisson distribution; first-in-first-out (FIFO) input buffer channel with a depth of five (5) flits and a flit size of 32 bits; and a packet size of 3 flits respectively. The simulation time was 10,000 cycles. The findings showed that the XY routing algorithm performed better when the PIR is low. In a similar vein, the DyAD routing and Age-aware algorithms performed better when the load i.e. PIR is high.

Electricity Usage Monitoring Based On Internet of Things

Electricity monitoring systems have long been used in industrial scenarios such as process scheduling and distribution. This monitoring system needs to be developed for domestic use such as in homes and shops. In recent times, the electricity demand has increased in households with the use of different appliances. The advent of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) has made real-time data acquisition and analysis possible. This project is designed to control and monitor household electricity consumption via smartphones using the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module as a communication protocol and the Blynk application as a private server. The used wifi module provides notification through the Blynk application. The system uses an Arduino Mega2560 microcontroller to control all devices in this project. For monitoring the energy usage, a current sensor type Split Core Current Transformer (SCT013) was used. From the experimental results, it is confirmed that the system is capable of monitoring the whole house’s electrical usage easily. With this system in place, end-users are provided with proper awareness and able to plan their home’s electrical consumption pattern effectively.

Morphology and I-V Characteristics of Electrochemically Deposited Zinc Oxide on Silicon

This paper reported on the electrochemical deposition of zinc oxide (ZnO) on p-silicon (p-Si) (100) substrate in the mixture of 0.1 M of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and potassium chloride (KCl) electrolyte at a volume ratio of 1:1, 3:1 and 5:1 namely Sample A, B and C. The deposition process was done in room temperature with a current density of 10 mA/cm2 for 30 minutes. Prior to the experiment, all samples were treated by RCA cleaning steps. All samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The results show that all samples have the same morphology of a flake-like structure with different Zn:O ratio that were 2.81, 2.35 and 2.49 for samples A, B and C. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristic graph was obtained by dark current measurement using Keithley SMU 2400 and the threshold voltage (Vth) values were determined at 2.21 V, 0.85 V and 1.22 V for sample A, B and C respectively which correspond with the Zn:O ratio where the highest value of Zn:O ratio can be found in sample A and the lowest in sample B. Based on these results, it shows that electrochemical deposition technique is capable of being used to deposit the flake-like structure ZnO on semiconductor material to form the p-n junction which behaves like a diode. The value of Vth seems to be depended on the ratio between Zn and O. Higher ratio of Zn and O will cause the higher value of intrinsic carrier concentration and built in potential which will increase the Vth value.

Circular Complementary Split Ring Resonator Rotation for Linear Array Millimeter Wave Microstrip Patch Antenna

This paper proposes multiple linear array millimeter wave MPAs that could operate at various frequencies depending on the angular rotation of the CSRR structure. The main contribution of this work is the range of frequencies of the linear array MPA found when the position of the CSRR structure is changed angularly. This is achieved by positioning the CSRR structure on the ground plane of the MPA and rotate it to an incremental of 22.5°. Computer Simulation Technology software is used to simulate the antenna designs. The performance of the antenna is evaluated against the single element millimeter wave MPA with similar angular rotation to the CSRR structure. The reflection coefficient graph shows at 0° rotation, the antenna has dual band performance at 26 GHz and 28 GHz. At 22.5° and 45° CSRR structure rotation, the antenna shows triple band performance with different operational frequencies and different polarization depending on the frequencies. Finally, at 67.5° CSRR structure rotation, the antenna now is operational only at 20 GHz frequency with horizontal polarization performance. Plus, the results between the single element MPA with circular CSSRR and the linear array MPA with circular CSRR shows similar behavior in which the rotation of the CSRR did not affect the antenna differently even with an increase of the number of elements. The millimeter wave MPA with CSRR angular rotation can be utilized in various applications as it covers multiple frequencies depending on the angle of rotation of the CSRR structure.

A Survey on Internet of Vehicle (IoV): A pplications & Comparison of VANETs, IoV and SDN-IoV

The swift evolution of communication network technologies brings the smart connected objects into existence. The objects or things are connected and able to communicate with each other through Internet of Things (IoT). Internet of Vehicle (IoV) are the subset of the IoT technologies that has been implemented to the vehicle. IoV is the evolution of traditional Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) bringing new technologies to the smart connected vehicles. IoV network communication is purposedly to serve a real time data exchanged on roads between the vehicles and roads, vehicles and vehicles, vehicle and sensors, and vehicles and everything through different network technologies. There are significant differences between IoV, SDN-IoV and VANETs in term of network architecture, features, and applications that available. IoV and IoV-SDN is using different network framework giving different flexibility and scalability. In term of features and applications, IoV and IoV-SDN are having more wider and broad wireless connection technology in contrast with VANETs. In this survey paper, the survey will focus on the introduction to SDN, and differences of application and features in IoV, SDN-IoV and VANETs.

Internet of Things Monitoring System of a Modeled Cleanroom

The development of a cleanroom monitoring system needs more concentrated consideration consistently. There is a challenge to prove that the cleanroom operates following the specifications, in other words, users do not see the software error, they see failures in execution. This paper aims to design a smart monitoring system to monitor important parameters inside the cleanroom, i.e. temperature, humidity, and pressure to produce a good quality of work or experiment inside the cleanroom. The observing framework utilizes Arduino Mega as a microcontroller, ESP 8266 Wi-Fi module, DHT 11 as an integrated temperature and humidity sensor, HX710B as a pressure sensor, and Blynk application as a monitoring system to record and show information including provide fault notification. The project is tested on a modeled cleanroom to monitor important parameters via smartphone anytime and anywhere. From the experimental results, the Cleanroom IoT Monitoring System successfully read all parameters based on the system requirements and displays data of parameters in real-time and stored historical data. This system is also successful to provide failures notification of humidity, temperature, and pressure in real-time if any of the parameters are out of range from the system requirements. Lastly, users can monitor the condition of the cleanroom anytime and anywhere including receiving real-time failures notifications. This concept can avoid or reduce cleanroom working out of the criteria that can cause testing or experiment inside the cleanroom to be inaccurate. By observing and controlling the prerequisite development for IoT monitoring systems, great nature and better quality of performance of operational cleanrooms can be delivered.

Second Iteration of Slotted Fractal Log Periodic Dipole Antenna for UHF Digital TV Band Application

This paper discusses the simulations and measurements of the antenna with and without slot implementation in terms of reflection coefficient (S11) and radiation pattern. The slot implementation on each of the radiating elements on the 2nd iteration log periodic fractal Koch antenna (LPFKA) was described in this paper. This method is utilised to reduce the antenna's size while also preventing the lower designated frequencies from shifting to the higher band as the iteration increases. The antenna is designed to test and observe performance in the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band, which ranges from 0.5 GHz to 3.0 GHz. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software is used to design and model the antenna, which was then built using the wet etching technique. The antenna's substrate is made of FR-4 laminated board with a dielectric constant of 4.6, tangent loss of 0.019, and a thickness of 1.6mm. The results demonstrate good agreement, with a steady radiation pattern over the operational bandwidth and a reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB for the frequency range of interest. The antenna is being tested with Digital TV decoder and the result is observed towards the picture of the Digital TV.

Efficient Thinning Algorithm for Malaysian Car Plate Character Recognition

The thinning algorithm is one of the approaches of identifying each character printed on the car plate. Malaysian car plate characters appear in different character sizes, styles, customized printed characters etc. These variations contribute to difficulty in thinning successfully segmented and extracted license plate characters for recognition. To address these problems, an improved thinning operation for Malaysian car plate character recognition is proposed. In this algorithm, samples from segmented and extracted license plates are used for a thinning operation which is passed to Zhang-Suen thinning algorithm that could not guarantee one pixel thick and then to single pixelate algorithm that provides one pixel width of character for recognition. From the simulation, the result obtained has clearly proven to be the best for character recognition systems with least number of white pixels (777 pixels) and 0.26% redundant pixel left in the medial curve.

Improved Pole-placement Control with Feed-forward Dead Zone Compensation for Position Tracking of Electro-Pneumatic Actuator System Improved Pole-placement Control with Feed-forward Dead Zone Compensation for Position Tracking of Electro-Pneumatic Actuato

Dead-zone in the valve degraded the performances of the Electro-Pneumatic Actuator (EPA) system. It makes the system difficult to control, become unstable and leads to chattering effect nearest desired position. In order to cater this issue, the EPA system transfer function and the dead-zone model is identified by MATLAB SI toolbox and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm respectively. Then a parametric control is designed based on pole-placement approach and combine with feed-forward inverse dead-zone compensation. To reduce chattering effect, a smooth parameter is added to the controller output. The advantages of using these techniques are the chattering effect and the dead-zone of the EPA system is reduced. Moreover, the feed-forward system improves the transient performance. The results are compared with the pole-placement control (1) without compensator and (2) with conventional dead-zone compensator. Based on the experimental results, the proposed controller reduced the chattering effect due to the controller output of conventional dead-zone compensation, 90% of the pole-placement controller steady-state error and 30% and 40% of the pole-placement controller with conventional dead-zone compensation settling time and rise time.

Switching Modulation Strategies for Multilevel Inverter

There is always a need to create efficient and optimized converters to deliver the best possible results to achieve a better THD profile in the waveform output. One way is by controlling the switching of the power switches of the converters using appropriate modulation schemes. While numerous works have been done in proposing new switching modulation strategies for multilevel inverters, this work will compare multicarrier PWM and near-to-level control (NLC) modulation schemes. In this paper, multicarrier PWM variants, namely, PD-PWM, POD-PWM, and APOD-PWM, are designed and simulated. Their voltage THD and spectrum performance are discussed when applied to single-phase 7, 9, and 11-level cascaded multilevel inverters. Then NLC modulation will be designed and applied to similar multilevel inverter circuits. It will be shown that the NLC exhibits some superior performances compared to PWM-based but with several drawbacks that can be optimized.