Food Consumption and Nutrient Density of Adults Male Aged 19-49 Years Old in Indonesia

The objectives of this study was to analyze food consumption and nutrient density of adults male aged 19-49 years old in Indonesia. This study was carried out through analyzing a consumption data set of Total Diet Study (SDT) of Indonesian Ministry of Health which were collected using 24-hour food recall method. The final subjects included for this study were 26268 male. The nutrients adequacy were assessed based on Institute of Medicine calculation. The nutrients analyzed include energy, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin C. The average food consumption of Indonesian adult male population is mostly from the grains food group of 305.0 g. The food group that was consumed the least by the adult population was oily seeds as much as 18.1 g. The adequacy of energy, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin C were 81.4%, 108.3%, 105.5%, 159.4%, 64.8%, 107.7% and 54.6%, respectively. The nutrient density of protein, Ca, Zn, vitamin A and vitamin C were still under the recommendation. It means that food consumption quality of Indonesian adults need to be improved. Considering the inadequate intake of some micronutrients in Indonesian adults male, it is necessary to increase the consumption of animal food, legumes, fruits and vegetables as sources of micronutrients.

The Role of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking Habits in Increasing the Diabetes Mellitus Risk in Adult Men and Women with Central Obesity in Indonesia

Central obesity is more predictive of measuring the risk of type 2 diabetes compared to anthropometric indicators of general obesity. The results of previous studies are still inconsistent and the causal relationship that had not been well explained between the determinant factors and the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus. This study aims to determine the relationship between alcohol consumption and smoking habits in increasing the risk of diabetes mellitus in adult males and females who are central obesity in Indonesia. The analysis presented in this study was based on the data from a population-based, cross-sectional, nationally representative survey (Indonesian Basic Health Research 2018/RISKESDAS 2018). In total, 12726 men and 18637 women aged 18–65 years were enrolled. A validated questionnaire, smoking card, and alcohol card were used for the assessments. There was a significant difference (p <0.000) in the proportion of diabetes mellitus incidence between men and women in both age groups who consumed less than 1 pack of cigarettes or more than 1 pack per day. The age difference for the sexes did not show a statistically significant association with alcohol consumption of either under 5 servings or above 5 servings per day for the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Women with central obesity had an adjusted prevalence ratio of 1.7 times higher for diabetes mellitus than men. There were negative multiplicative interactions between sexes and smoking status (interaction PR = 0.685; 95% CI = 0.52-0.88) and cigarette exposure (0.65; 0.52-0.80) in women. The effects of alcohol consumption and their interactions with sex did not have a significant relationship. There is an increased risk of diabetes mellitus especially in women with central obesity. Alcohol consumption by people with central obesity has an interaction with gender in an increased risk of diabetes mellitus which is higher in women than men.

Diet Diversity to Assess Diet Quality of Pre-Conception Women in Bekasi, West Java

Pre-conception women have important role to determine children nutritional status. Children with good nutritional status are born from mothers who have good diet. Diversified diet also can prevent woman to suffer from chronic energy malnutrition and anemia during pregnancy. This study aims to assess diet quality of pre-conception women in Kota Bekasi, West Java. The study conducted as observational study design, specifically using cross sectional approach. About 105 “bride to be” from 8 Religious Affairs Office in Kota Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia was joined the study. Respondents were interviewed with structured questionnaire consist of social economic characteristics and dietary intake. Dietary assessment was done using 24-h food recall to fill Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women of reproductive Age (MDD-W) questionnaire. The result showed out of 10 food groups, median consumption of food groups consumed by respondents was 4 food groups, also as the highest proportion of total food group (36.19%), followed by 5 food groups (25.71%), and 3 food groups (21.90%). Maximum score of dietary diversity is 8 (0.95%), and minimun score is 2 (3.81%). Meanwhile, most consumed food group was staple foods (99.05%). Nuts and seeds were the least proportion of food group (3.81%) consumed by respondents. There was around one-third (38.10%) of the respondents consumed total food group below recommended score (<5). Diet diversity of pre-conception women should be improved. To prevent from malnutrition, pre-conception women are suggested to vary their diet. Nutrition education during premarital class/ consultation is recommended.

Micronutrients Intake Status Between Risk and Non-Risk Anemia Groups Among University Students in Indonesia

Anemia status is one of the public health problems at both global and Indonesia. The prevalence of anemia was found higher in the women of reproductive age. The prevalence in Special Region of Yogyakarta was even larger than the national average (34% vs 21.7%) for women of reproductive age group. Poor intake of micronutrient could be a major contributor to anemia. The aim of this study was to determine the difference of micronutrient intake among student with risk and no-risk anemia in the Alma Ata University. This cross-sectional study conducted from August to September 2020. Of 128 subjects was recruited and divided into two groups (64 risk anemia and 64 non-risk anemia group). The screening of anemia status was obtained by using self-assessment of clinical/physical questionnaires. Micronutrient intakes such as iron, folic acid, zinc, vitamin B6 and B12, cooper, and vitamin C were assessed by Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Independent T-test was created to analyze the difference of micronutrient intake in risk and non-risk anemia groups. In this study, there were significant differences in the intake of micronutrients such as iron (p <0.001), folic acid (p <0.001), Zn (p <0.001), vitamin B6 (p <0.001), B12 (p = 0.008), and vitamin C (p <0.001) among students in risk and non-risk of anemia. However, there was no significant difference in Cu intake (p = 0.975). In conclusion, lower micronutrient intake among students could lead to have higher anemia risk. Further studies with larger samples are required to confirm these findings.