scholarly journals Diet Diversity to Assess Diet Quality of Pre-Conception Women in Bekasi, West Java

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
Arindah Nur Sartika ◽  
Tri Marta Fadhilah
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
West Java ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Total Food

Pre-conception women have important role to determine children nutritional status. Children with good nutritional status are born from mothers who have good diet. Diversified diet also can prevent woman to suffer from chronic energy malnutrition and anemia during pregnancy. This study aims to assess diet quality of pre-conception women in Kota Bekasi, West Java. The study conducted as observational study design, specifically using cross sectional approach. About 105 “bride to be” from 8 Religious Affairs Office in Kota Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia was joined the study. Respondents were interviewed with structured questionnaire consist of social economic characteristics and dietary intake. Dietary assessment was done using 24-h food recall to fill Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women of reproductive Age (MDD-W) questionnaire. The result showed out of 10 food groups, median consumption of food groups consumed by respondents was 4 food groups, also as the highest proportion of total food group (36.19%), followed by 5 food groups (25.71%), and 3 food groups (21.90%). Maximum score of dietary diversity is 8 (0.95%), and minimun score is 2 (3.81%). Meanwhile, most consumed food group was staple foods (99.05%). Nuts and seeds were the least proportion of food group (3.81%) consumed by respondents. There was around one-third (38.10%) of the respondents consumed total food group below recommended score (<5). Diet diversity of pre-conception women should be improved. To prevent from malnutrition, pre-conception women are suggested to vary their diet. Nutrition education during premarital class/ consultation is recommended.

scholarly journals Using National Survey Data From Nigeria to Assess Maternal-Child Dietary Concordance and Inform Nutrition Program Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 389-389
Author(s):  
Nadia Akseer ◽  
Rebecca A Heidkamp ◽  
Andrew Thorne-Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Education ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Maternal Child

Abstract Objectives Improving child diet diversity is a policy priority in many settings. Multiple factors influence complementary feeding practices in low-income countries including household food access, caregiver-level factors and cultural practices. Child's dietary data is often available in national surveys (i.e., Demographic and Health Surveys, DHS), but they typically lack diet data from adults. The 2018 Nigeria DHS was among the first to measure food group intake in both young children and women. We describe the relationship between child and maternal diet diversity in Nigeria and highlight implications for design of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) programs. Methods Using the Nigeria DHS 2018 dataset, we estimated consumption of individual food groups in the previous 24 hours as well as minimum dietary diversity for children 6–23 months (MDD-C) and their mothers, women 15–49 years (MDD-W) using WHO-UNICEF definitions. We compare rates of concordance and discordance between n = 8975 mother-child pairs for individual food groups and MDD using McNemar's tests. Probit regression was used to identify drivers of MDD-C. Results Nationally, 22% of children achieve MDD-C; 51% of mothers achieve MDD-W. For both populations, the most commonly consumed group is grains, roots and tubers (&gt;80%) Dairy and eggs are the least consumed. Maternal-child (age 12–23 months) discordance is highest for consumption of legumes and nuts (36%), vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables (39%) and other fruits and vegetables (57%); mothers consume these more frequently. Children are more likely than mothers to consume dairy (19% vs 8%) and eggs (8% vs 4%). Maternal-child food group discordance is consistently higher for children 6–11months than children 12–23 months. Results vary at state level and by maternal age group. Children's MDD probability is increased by MDD-W (27%, P &lt; 0.001), higher maternal education (8%, P &lt; 0.01) and household wealth (7%, P &lt; 0.01). Conclusions Maternal and child diet diversity is suboptimal in Nigeria. Maternal diet is a primary driver of child diet in Nigeria. Legumes and nuts and fruits and vegetables are available but not consistently fed to children; an important finding for IYCF program design. The forthcoming DHS-8 core questionnaire will provide child and maternal diet data for more than 90 countries. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

scholarly journals Diet quality index adjusted for energy requirements in adults

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2121-2128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Constante Jaime ◽  
Daniel Henrique Bandoni ◽  
Ana Clara da Fonseca Leitão Duran ◽  
Regina Mara Fisberg
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cronbach’S Alpha ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha ◽  
Diet Quality Index

This study aimed to develop a diet quality index (DQI-a) adjusted for energy requirement. Dietary intake of adults was assessed using 24-hour food recall. The DQI was developed for scores evenly distributed across ten items characterizing different aspects of diet: food groups, nutrients, and variety. The components categorized under the food groups from the Dietary Guide for Brazilians were adjusted according to the estimated energy requirements of the population studied. Index consistency and correlation with nutrients of the diet was analyzed by Cronbach's alpha. A total of 737 individuals were assessed and energy requirements ranged from 1,800 to 2,500kcal among women and 2,500 to 3,400kcal in men. The food group with greatest variation in total portions was cereals and tubers. Cronbach's alpha of the DQI-a was 0.643 and the index correlated with most of the nutrients. The DQI-a can be considered a valuable instrument for assessing diet quality of the Brazilian population.

scholarly journals A Novel Food-Based Diet Quality Score Is Associated with Nutrient Adequacy and Reduced Anemia Among Rural Adults in Ten African Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1381-1381
Author(s):  
Sabri Bromage ◽  
Yiwen Zhang ◽  
Michelle Holmes ◽  
Wafaie Fawzi ◽  
Sonia Sachs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Quality Score ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Novel Food ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy

Abstract Objectives We aimed to develop and evaluate an easily-tabulated metric that is sensitive to diet quality in diverse settings. In this analysis, we examined associations between a novel food-based metric – the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) - and diet quality using data from rural Africa. Methods The GDQS gives points for higher intake of 16 healthy food groups and lower intake of 9 unhealthy groups, based on 3 intake ranges for each group. We scored the GDQS using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data from 1613 men and 1710 nonpregnant nonlactating women ages 15–49 (median: 30) in 12 rural African villages participating in the Millennium Villages Project in 2006 to 2009. We evaluated associations between the GDQS and nutrient intakes calculated from the same FFQ, body mass index (BMI), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), hemoglobin, and an overall nutrient adequacy score ranging from 0 to 7 (1 point given for each of 7 nutrients meeting average requirements). Associations were also derived for GDQS submetrics (GDQS+ and GDQS−) computed using only healthy or unhealthy food groups, respectively, and simplified versions of the GDQS and submetrics (scored using 2 intake ranges for each food group). Results Moderate rank correlations were observed between the GDQS+ and energy-adjusted intakes of fiber (women: 0.43, men: 0.33), folate (0.40, 0.30), vitamin A (0.40, 0.34), and zinc (0.38, 0.30), exceeding correlations with the Minimum Dietary Diversity Score for Women (p for difference between metrics &lt;0.05 for fiber and folate in both sexes). The simplified GDQS- correlated moderately with energy-adjusted saturated fat intake (women: 0.35, men: 0.29). Rank correlations between the GDQS+ and overall nutrient adequacy score differed notably by country (range: 0.34–0.75), but not by age or season. Adjusting for age, interview month, and household size, the GDQS and GDQS+ were associated with hemoglobin and anemia (p for difference between metrics &gt;0.05): women and men in the highest GDQS+ quintile had an OR of anemia of 0.25 (95% CI 0.09, 0.68) and 0.16 (95% CI 0.04, 0.46), respectively, relative to those in the lowest. Metrics were not associated with BMI or MUAC in adjusted analyses. Conclusions The GDQS and submetrics were associated with nutrient intakes, hemoglobin, and reduced anemia in rural African adults. Funding Sources Intake - Center for Dietary Assessment at FHI Solutions.

scholarly journals Development of a Diet Quality Questionnaire for Improved Measurement of Dietary Diversity and Other Diet Quality Indicators (P13-018-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Herforth ◽  
Euridice Martínez-Steele ◽  
Giovanna Calixto ◽  
Isabela Sattamini ◽  
Deborah Olarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Global Alliance ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Objectives The objective of this research was to develop and test a low-burden method to gather diet quality data that is comparable across countries, consistently implemented, and easily understood by respondents. A common method for collecting dietary diversity data consists of open-ended food group questions, e.g., Yesterday, did you eat any porridge, bread, rice, pastaor otherfoods made from grains? Our hypotheses were (1) the majority of consumption of each food group could be represented by a few foods in each country setting (sentinel foods); (2) respondents who did not eat the listed examples might misclassify other foods they ate as belonging to the same food group. We sought to refine the method by modifying each question to be closed-ended. Methods We developed a 26-item diet quality questionnaire (DQ-Q), where each yes/no question asks about consumption of a distinct food group in the previous day or night. We tested the first hypothesis using 24-hour nationally representative dietary intake data from Brazil (Individual Food Intake Survey 2008–2009) and the United States (NHANES 2009–2014). We categorized each food and beverage item into the 26 food groups of the DQ-Q, and identified the most commonly consumed foods in each. Individuals were categorized according to whether they had consumed at least one item in each food group (1) or not (0). We tested the second hypothesis through 82 cognitive interviews in five languages São Paulo and New York City, in which we compared responses to closed-ended sentinel food questions to open-ended food group questions. Results On average, 1–7 sentinel foods captured 96–97% of people who consumed each food group (range 85–100%). Respondents in both countries sometimes miscategorized foods when asked open-ended food group questions, and open-ended questions presented an additional cognitive burden. The DQ-Q took 3–5 minutes to administer. Conclusions The DQ-Q is a rapid low-burden method to collect diet quality data. Closed-ended questions using sentinel foods capture the vast majority of consumption and are better understood by respondents than open-ended list-based methods, for measuring dietary diversity and other aspects of diet related to NCD risk. Funding Sources Funding for this work was provided by the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).

scholarly journals Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women of Reproductive Age (MDD-W) Data Collection: Validity of the List-Based and Open Recall Methods as Compared to Weighed Food Record

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giles T. Hanley-Cook ◽  
Ji Yen A. Tung ◽  
Isabela F. Sattamini ◽  
Pamela A. Marinda ◽  
Kong Thong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Weighted Kappa ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Group Diversity ◽  
Minimum Dietary Diversity ◽  
Recall Methods

Minimum dietary diversity for women of reproductive age (MDD-W) was validated as a population-level proxy of micronutrient adequacy, with indicator data collection proposed as either list-based or open recall. No study has assessed the validity of these two non-quantitative proxy methods against weighed food records (WFR). We assessed the measurement agreement of list-based and open recall methods as compared to WFR (i.e., reference method of individual quantitative dietary assessment) for achieving MDD-W and an ordinal food group diversity score. Applying a non-inferiority design, data were collected from non-pregnant women of reproductive age in Cambodia (n = 430), Ethiopia (n = 431), and Zambia (n = 476). For the pooled sample (n = 1337), proportions achieving MDD-W from both proxy methods were compared to WFR proportion by McNemar’s chi-square tests, Cohen’s kappa, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Ordinal food group diversity (0–10) was compared by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and weighted kappa. MDD-W food groups that were most frequently misreported (i.e., type I and II errors) by the proxy methods were determined. Our findings indicate statistically significant differences in proportions achieving MDD-W, ordinal food group diversity scores, and ROC curves between both proxy methods and WFR (p < 0.001). List-based and open recall methods overreported women achieving MDD-W by 16 and 10 percentage points, respectively, as compared to WFR (proportion achieving MDD-W: 30%). ICC values between list-based or open recall and WFR were 0.50 and 0.55, respectively. Simple and weighted kappa values both indicated moderate agreement between list-based or open recall against WFR. Food groups most likely to be misreported using proxy methods were beans and peas, dark green leafy vegetables, vitamin A-rich fruit and vegetables, and other fruits. Our study provides statistical evidence for overreporting of both list-based and open recall methods for assessing prevalence of MDD-W or ordinal food group diversity score in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries. Operationalizing MDD-W through qualitative recall methods should consider potential trade-offs between accuracy and simplicity.

scholarly journals Seasonal Fluctuations in MDD-W and Nutrient Dense Food Group Intakes of Women's Diets in Rural Zambia and Malawi (P10-137-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Kennedy ◽  
Molly Ahern
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Rural Zambia

Abstract Objectives To study seasonal variation in minimum dietary diversity of women (MDD-W) and food group intake for women of reproductive age (WRA) living in rural Zambia and Malawi where the effect of seasonal agricultural production and seasonal food availability on dietary diversity is likely to be high. Methods 200 WRA living in Chitipa District, Malawi (n = 100) and Luwingu District, Zambia (n = 100) provided informed consent and were enrolled in a panel study. Households with at least one woman between age 15–49 were randomly selected. A dietary diversity questionnaire was administered every-other month for six rounds, from September 2017 to July 2018. MDD-W was calculated as the proportion of women consuming five or more out of ten food groups. Percent of women consuming each food group by round was also calculated. Chi square was used to test the difference in MDD-W across rounds. Results There was significant seasonal difference in the percentage of women achieving MDD-W. Lowest and highest proportion of WRA meeting MDD-W was 18% and 79% in Malawi (P < 0.05) and 28% and 70% in Zambia (P < 0.05). MDD-W followed expected variation, peaking in the season of greatest food abundance and lowering during the “lean” season. The food groups grains and tubers, dark green leafy vegetables and other vegetables dominate women's diets. Small fish species are the most commonly consumed flesh food, although availability and consumption decrease seasonally due to cold weather and annual fish bans. Vitamin-A rich fruits and vegetables, other fruit, and nuts and seeds are highly seasonal. Dairy and eggs are rarely consumed. Conclusions Significant seasonal fluctuations in the proportion of WRA achieving MDD-W exist. This has implications for project monitoring and evaluation. Periods of abundance and scarcity for nutritionally important food groups were demonstrated. Attention should be given to improved nutrition-sensitive processing, storage and access to nutrient dense food groups affected by seasonal fluctuations. Funding Sources Research was funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) with project partners McGill University, WorldFish, Bioversity International, Self Help Africa, University of Zambia, SPRODETA and the LUANAR and by the CGIAR research program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health.

scholarly journals In Ethiopia, India, and Peru, Household Expenditures on Fats Are More Strongly Associated with Children's Future Heights Than Expenditures on Other Food Groups (P10-006-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Debbie Humphries ◽  
Sarah Weingarten ◽  
Kirk Dearden ◽  
Benjamin Crookston ◽  
Mary Penny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Future Child ◽  
Food Expenditure

Abstract Objectives We hypothesized that household food expenditures on 7 key dietary food groups—starches, fruits & vegetables, legumes, eggs, dairy, meat and fat—woul differentially affect future child height-for-age z scores (HAZ), after adjusting for household, parental and community characteristics. We investigated the associations of household food group expenditures at 5 years (y) and 8y with child HAZ at 8y and 12y, respectively. Methods We used data from 6993 children, born around 2001, from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam, collected at ages 5, 8, and 12y from the Young Lives younger cohort. We compared associations between two weeks of household food expenditures (in Purchasing Power Parity adjusted dollars (PPP$) to allow meaningful cross-country comparisons) on food groups and child HAZ at subsequent rounds of collection to assess longitudinal relations. Total food expenditures, rural/urban residence, maternal and paternal education, and child sex were controlled for in our models. Results In Ethiopia, results pointed to total food expenditure as one of the critical and significant components associated with subsequent child HAZ; and among the food groups, expenditures on fats had the largest associations with future child HAZ. In India and Peru, expenditure on one specific food group—fats—seemed to be the most important significant predictor of future HAZ in children from among food expenditures. In Vietnam, starches were a significant negative predictor of future HAZ, which may relate to the significance of dietary diversity and prediction of future HAZ for this country's cohort. Conclusions Our results pinpoint specific facets of the diet that may have had the greatest impact on child growth for each country. They also point to the importance of examining country-level context, and caution about generalizing from one context to others. These results, moreover, highlight the usefulness of household food expenditure survey data in analyzing children's nutrition at the country level, and may help to influence child food and nutrition policies in these four unique countries. Funding Sources This study is based on research funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Eunice Shriver Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Development and Grand Challenges Canada.

scholarly journals Do lifestyle interventions affect dietary diversity score in the general population?

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1924-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nizal Sarrafzadegan ◽  
Leila Azadbakht ◽  
Noushin Mohammadifard ◽  
Ahmad Esmaillzadeh ◽  
Morteza Safavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lifestyle Intervention ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Dietary Diversity Score ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractObjectiveThe dietary diversity score (DDS) is a good indicator of diet quality as well as of diet–disease relationships; therefore, the present study was undertaken to reveal the effect of a lifestyle intervention on this index.DesignA baseline and three evaluation studies were conducted in two intervention districts (Isfahan and Najaf-Abad) and a reference area (Arak), all located in central Iran. The Isfahan Healthy Hearth Programme (IHHP) targeted the entire population of nearly 2 million in urban and rural areas of the intervention communities. One of the main strategies of the lifestyle intervention phase in the IHHP was healthy nutrition. Usual dietary intake was assessed using a forty-nine-item FFQ. A diversity score for each food group was calculated and the DDS was considered the sum of the diversity scores of the food groups.ResultsThere were significant increases in DDS in both intervention areas (P = 0·0001) after controlling for confounding factors. There was a significant interaction between area and evaluation stage with regard to DDS (P = 0·0001). The effect of the intervention on the diversity scores of all food groups was also significant (P = 0·0001 for all) after adjusting for socio-economic status.ConclusionThe community-based lifestyle intervention in the IHHP was successful in improving DDS which might be related to an increase of diet quality of the population that in turn might decrease the risks of chronic diseases.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on the Diet Quality of Pregnant Women in Urban and Rural Settings in a South-Western District of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Eyad Ahmed ◽  
Israt Jahan ◽  
Md. Asadul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
The Mean

Purpose: The current study aimed to assess the diet quality of urban and rural pregnant women in a south-western district (Jashore) in Bangladesh. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study which was conducted among pregnant women (Sample size, N= 154). The respondents were selected from urban and rural areas of Jashore district. Data was collected through a pre-tested questionnaire comprising of socio-demographic and economic data, data on different food groups consumption. The data concerning food consumption was used to assess the diet quality of the respondents. For statistical analysis, IBM SPSS Statistics version 21.0 was used in the study. Results: Among all the respondents, mean Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was 5.40±0.96. It was also seen that minimum DDS was 3.0 and maximum DDS was 7.0 among all the pregnant women. A significant difference was observed between the mean DDS of urban and rural pregnant women (P < .05). The mean DDS of urban pregnant women was 6.46±0.19 and mean DDS of rural pregnant women was 4.61±0.56. Moreover, about 62% of urban respondents’ diet quality was of high level, 27% of urban respondents’ diet was of medium-quality and about 11% of urban respondents were found to have low diet quality. On the other hand, only 18% of rural respondents had high diet quality, 57% had a medium-quality diet and about 25% of rural pregnant women were found to have a low diet quality.  Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that the majority of the urban pregnant women of the study area had a higher quality diet than their rural counterparts.

scholarly journals Dietary diversity in eight Latin American countries: Results from ELANS Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Gomez ◽  
Regina Mara Fisberg ◽  
Agatha Nogueria Previdelli ◽  
Irina Kovalskys ◽  
Mauro Fisberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Socioeconomic Level ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Food Items ◽  
24 Hour Recall ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractDietary diversity, define as the number of food items or food groups consumed over a given period of time measured at the household or individual level, is widely recognized as a key dimension of diet quality. This analysis investigated dietary diversity in eight Latin-American countries and its associations with sociodemographic and anthropometric parameters.Data from the ELANS study conducted in eight Latin-American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) were analyzed. The ELANS study interviewed 9,218 subjects living in the main cities in each country. Food intake were collected using two 24-hour dietary recalls, following the Multiple Pass Method. For calculation of diet diversity score, only the first 24-hour recall was analyzed. Dietary diversity was assessed at individual level. All food items reported to be consumed during the first 24-hour recall were classified into nine food groups: 1. Cereals, 2. White roots and tubers, 3. Vegetables, 4. Fruits, 5. Meat, poultry and offal, 6. Fish and seafood, 7. Eggs, 8. Pulses, legumes and nuts and 9. Milk and milk products. The selection of these groups was based on the Women's Dietary Diversity Score Projectfood groups classification. Consumption of at least 15 g of each food group was assigned 1 point or 0 points if consumption was less than 15 g. Thus, the score ranged from a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 9 points. Higher scores indicated higher diversity as more food groups were eaten. Analysis was performed by age group, gender, and socioeconomic level (SES) as well as anthropometric measurements.Mean diet diversity score (DDS) for the whole sample was 4.48 ± 1.16, ranging from 0 to 9 points. Men showed significant higher DDS. No difference was observed among age groups. Among countries, Ecuador and Peru showed the highest DDS, 4.88 ± 1.22 and 4.82 ± 1.12 points, respectively; while Argentina (4.20 ± 1.13) and Venezuela (4.27 ± 1.04) reported the lowest. We found a statistically significant trend (p < 0.001) to a higher DDS among those subjects in the high socio-economic level. Regarding anthropometric measurements, no differences were found in DDS among different nutritional status or based on waist and neck circumference measures.This study revealed that dietary diversity is limited among Latin American countries regardless of sex, age, socioeconomic level, and nutritional status. Nutritional interventions emphasizing the importance of maximizing dietary diversity should be encouraged to ensure optimum nutritional adequacy within the region

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