Strategy of Interaction of the State and Small Business as a Factor of Innovative Development in the Republic Kazakhstan

The present article examines the strategy of interaction of the state and small business as a factor of innovative development – which is a very topical issue, since small innovative businesses are enterprises that are on the balance of industrial property applied objects (patents, utility models, industrial designs), as well as those that systematize and protect intellectual property from commercial secrets. At the same time, the innovation activity of small business, according to the authors, is not a custom-made industry, as a rule, this industry requires more development than funding. In this connection, for the formation of innovative forms and the implementation of their activities, commercialization, expansion of strategic management, and the accession of subjects of state innovation institutions, it is necessary to create an adaptive environment for the development of small business.

"Smart City": The Idea and Basic Concepts

The article examines «Smart City» as a concept that represents the use of information and communication technologies for more effective control and management of urban economy, city assets, such as schools, libraries, hospitals, law enforcement agencies, public services, power plants, etc. It is worth noting that this project is spreading more rapidly in the context of urbanization, because it can be used to find solutions to various social problems.

A Review of Cross-Cutting (end-to-end) Digital Technologies Used at Leading Precast Concrete Factories in Russia and EU

The article discusses a number of basic and prospective types of «end-to-end» digital technologies in the «New production technologies» class, which are being implemented at modern advanced enterprises for the production of precast concrete structures in Russia and Europe, for industrial and residential construction, such as CAD and BIM. In an era of markets digital transformation, it is important for companies to rethink all elements of their own business model, from product development and production to customer relationships. The experience of leading international and Russian companies in the precast industry shows the effectiveness of the intro-duction of digital technologies.

To the question of the concept, origin and general provisions of subsidiary liability

The article discusses a wide range of developed approaches to the concept, legal nature and essence of subsidiary liability. It is concluded that the subsidiary liability should be understood as the obligation of the person bearing subsidiary liability to cover the debt of the principal debtor if the latter refuses to satisfy the creditor's claims.