Reorientation of Routing From IP to Link Layer for Path Selection in Multi-Hop Networks

Routing uses a unique identifier of each participating node in the network to forward the information between two nodes. Traditionally, routing takes place at the network layer of a standard network layering architecture where it takes into account the local or the global network information, albeit, the local information uses a local-scope unique identifier. One of the prime objectives of any routing strategy at the network layer is to forward data from one end to another; however, the same objective can also be achieved at the data link layer by using the hardware address of each node as a unique identifier. This chapter discusses the key questions. (i.e., Why traditional routing is called IP-based routing? What if we reorient the traditional concept of routing on the data link layer? What are the positive and negative impact, to carry out routing at IP—or data link—layer?) This study may be helpful for researchers to understand the concept of IP-based routing and path selection at link layer regardless of the standard layering architecture and the type of IP address.

A Survey of Approaches for Estimating Meteorological Visibility Distance Under Foggy Weather Conditions

The immaturity of fog abatement technologies for highway usage has led to growing interest towards developing intelligent transportation systems that are capable of estimating meteorological visibility distance under foggy weather conditions. This capability is crucial to support next-generation cooperative situational awareness and collision avoidance systems as well as onboard driver assistance systems. This chapter presents a survey and a comprehensive taxonomy of daytime visibility distance estimation approaches based on a review and synthesis of the literature. The proposed taxonomy is both comprehensive (i.e., captures a wide spectrum of earlier contributions) and effective (i.e., enables easy comparison among previously proposed approaches). The authors also highlight some open research issues that warrant further investigation.

Proactive Decision Making for ITS Communication

Demand from different actors for extended connectivity where vehicles can exchange data with other vehicles, roadside infrastructure, and traffic control centers have pushed vehicle manufacturers to invest in embedded solutions, which paves the way towards cooperative intelligent transportation systems (C-ITS). Cooperative vehicles enable the development of an ecosystem of services around them. Due to the heterogeneousness of such services and their specific requirements, as well as the need for network resources optimization for ubiquitous connectivity, it is necessary to combine existing wireless technologies, providing applications with a communication architecture that hides such underlying access technologies specificities. Due to vehicles' high velocity, their connectivity context can change frequently. In such scenario, it is necessary to take into account the short-term prevision about network environment; enabling vehicles proactively manage their communications. This chapter discusses about the use of near future information to proactive decision-making process.

A Review of Intelligent Transport System and Its People's Needs Considerations for Traffic Management's Policy Framework in a Developing Country

This chapter prospects on the desirability of deployable Intelligent Transport System (ITS) solutions that can improve on the existing traffic management systems in a developing country. The chapter unveils that there is little or no specific plan targeted at any future deployment in Nigeria, for instance. Revealing that a systematic deployment of ITS applications, with candid appreciations from the citizenries, could follow the order of advanced public transport system trailed by advanced traffic management systems, advanced vehicle communication systems or advanced traveler information systems, and intelligent transport pricing systems. It concludes that the country could develop context-specific evidence-based policies toward the deployment of ITS, capable of intuitively adapting to the future traffic demands and inclusively improve transport efficiency and safety. The chapter also provide a conceptual policy framework considering people's needs as context-specific, which facilitates constructive discussion informing policy direction.

V2V Influence on M2M and H2H Traffics During Emergency Scenarios

This chapter envisions the challenges that will face the mobile operators such as sending vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) payloads in form of synchronized storms, the fast saturation of the limited bandwidth of long-term evolution for machines (LTE-M) and narrow band-internet of things (NB-IoT) with the rise number of machine-to-machine (M2M) devices and V2V devices, V2V congestion overload problem in IoT environments specifically during disaster events. It extends a new solution proposed by the authors named Adaptive eNodeB (A-eNB) for both LTE-M and NB-IoT networks to deal with V2V excessive traffic. The A-eNB can solve gradually V2V overload problem, while keeping the human-to-human (H2H) traffic quality of service (QoS) not to be affected badly. It corroborates a new framework model proposed by the authors called coexistence analyzer and network architecture for long-term evolution (CANAL) to study the impact on V2V, M2M, and H2H and mutual influences, based on continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) to simulate, analyze, and measure radio access strategies.

Handover Mechanisms in Internet of Vehicles (IoV)

Vertical handover is one of the key technologies that will enable the connected and autonomous vehicles deployment. The emergence of vehicular networks—V2V, V2I, V2X—communications has enabled new applications, such as cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS), real-time applications. However, these networks are characterized by a high level of mobility and dynamic change in the topology, which generates scattered networks. To address this problem and ensure a high level of performance, a new concept denoted heterogeneous vehicular networks (HVN) emerged, which is a key concept of the internet of vehicles (IoV). It consists in a hybridization the vehicular network (IEEE 802.11p) and cellular networks (3G/LTE/4G). In this chapter, authors introduced this new concept of IOV and its architectures and communication layers. Then they explored the different existing data relaying mechanisms in order to propose a new classification of handover approaches. After that, they presented the support of handover mechanisms in LTE and finally highlighted some handover challenges and issues.

Trust Management in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks and Internet-of-Vehicles

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) and internet-of-vehicles (IoV) are complex networks which provide a unique platform for vehicles to communicate and exchange critical information (such as collision avoidance warnings) with each other in an intelligent manner. Thus, the information disseminated in the network should be authentic and originated from legitimate vehicles. Creating a trusted environment in the network can enable the vehicles to identify and revoke malicious ones. Trust is an important concept in VANET and IoV to achieve security in the network, where every vehicle equipped with an appropriate trust model can evaluate the trustworthiness of the received information and its sender. This chapter discusses trust in both VANET and IoV and identifies various trust models developed for VANET and IoV. The contribution of this chapter is threefold. First, the authors present a detailed taxonomy of trust models in VANET and IoV. Second, they provide current trends in the domain of trust management specifically for VANET and IoV, and finally, they provide various open research directions.