• Worldwide there are 6 different TBE vaccines – two from Western Europe, three from Russia and one from China. The two western European vaccines and one of the Russian vaccines have an adult and a pediatric formulation. • The products names are FSME IMMUN and FSME-IMMUN Junior; Encepur adults and Encepur children, Klesch-E-Vac, EnceVir and EnceVir Neo, Dry lyophilized TBE Moscow and Sen Tai Bao • All TBE vaccines except the one from China have similar but not identical immunization sched-ules with primary immunization (>3 doses) and regular booster vaccinations. For FSME-IMMUN, Encepur and EnceVir a rapid immunization schedules is also licensed. The Chinese vaccine is giv-en with 2 primary doses 2 weeks apart followed by annual boosters. • All vaccines induce significant immune responses. In the absence of a formal correlate of pro-tection, the presence of neutralizing antibodies is used as a surrogate marker for protection. • Recent clinical studies show long-term seropersistence of TBE antibodies after the first booster vaccination (dose 4) with the two European vaccines. • An effectiveness of approximately 99% (years 2000–2006) and 98,7% (years 2000-2011) was calculated for regularly vaccinated persons in Austria, a country with established high vaccina-tion uptake. • Whereas in Western Europe post-exposure prophylaxis with immunoglobulins was discontinued in the late 1990s, in the highly endemic regions of Russia it continues to be common practice. • Both - FSME-IMMUN and Encepur are well tolerated with a well-established safety profile. TBE-Moscow and EnceVir appear to be somewhat more reactogenic.
DNA Vaccination with the Hantaan Virus M Gene Protects Hamsters against Three of Four HFRS Hantaviruses and Elicits a High-Titer Neutralizing Antibody Response in Rhesus Monkeys