Do we forgive physical aggression in the same way that we forgive psychological aggression?

Physically and psychologically aggressive behaviors between members of a couple often lead to relationship dissatisfaction and dissolution. The current study utilized data from 346 clinical couples to investigate associations between psychological and moderate physical aggression and relationship dissolution, and whether relationship satisfaction acts as a mediator of these associations. Results from two series of Actor–Partner Interdependence Models (APIMs) were considered in which cases of severe aggression were initially removed from the analytic sample and then were included for secondary analyses. The first series of models showed that dyadic physical aggression was a weak predictor of the male partner’s steps taken to leave the relationship and was not associated with the female’s steps. Dyadic psychological aggression, however, was related to steps taken toward leaving by both partners, accounting for approximately 14% of the variance. Relationship satisfaction mediated associations between physical and psychological partner aggression and steps taken to leave. Findings from the second series of models, including cases of severe aggression, showed a significant association between dyadic physical aggression and the female’s steps toward leaving. Moreover, relationship satisfaction no longer fully mediated associations between psychological or physical aggression and relationship dissolution risk. The importance of considering severity of physical partner aggression in research and clinical practice is discussed.

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Psychological Aggression, Physical Aggression, and Injury in Nonpartner Relationships Among Men and Women in Treatment for Substance-Use Disorders

Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ◽

10.15288/jsad.2008.69.896 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 69 (6) ◽

pp. 896-905 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Regan L. Murray ◽

Stephen T. Chermack ◽

Maureen A. Walton ◽

Jamie Winters ◽

Brenda M. Booth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Substance Use Disorders ◽

Physical Aggression ◽

Psychological Aggression ◽

Men And Women

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Psychometric Properties of the Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents Who Abuse Their Parents: Prevalence and Gender Differences

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/0886-6708.v33.i2.166 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 203-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Joana Del Hoyo-Bilbao ◽

Manuel Gámez-Guadix ◽

Izaskun Orue ◽

Esther Calvete

Keyword(s):

Physical Aggression ◽

Clinical Sample ◽

Model Fit ◽

Psychological Aggression ◽

Related Factors ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Aggression Questionnaire ◽

Gender And Age Differences ◽

And Gender

The main objective of this study was to validate the child-to-parent aggression questionnaire (CPAQ) in a clinical sample of adolescents who aggress against their parents. The second aim was to analyze the child-to-parent violence (CPV) prevalence and gender and age differences among these adolescents. The third aim was to analyze the frequency of CPV against mothers and fathers. The CPAQ was completed by 169 adolescents (49 girls) with a mean age of 16.26 years (SD = 1.56) who had committed CPV. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good model fit for four related factors (physical-aggression against mother, physical-aggression against father, psychological-aggression against mother, psychological-aggression against father). Hierarchical models indicated that these factors could be accounted for by broader dimensions of psychological versus physical aggression, and aggression against mother versus father.

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Physical and Psychological Partner Aggression Across a Decade: A Growth Curve Analysis

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/vivi.19.1.3.33236 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 3-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Patti A. Timmons Fritz ◽

K. Daniel O’Leary

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Physical Aggression ◽

Curve Analysis ◽

Psychological Aggression ◽

Growth Curve Analysis ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Partner Aggression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

One Act

The course of physical and psychological partner aggression was investigated over a decade in 203 wives from Suffolk County, New York. Wives reported on their own and on their partners’ aggression at one month before marriage and 6, 18, 30, and 120 months after marriage. This follow-up is the longest period over which partner aggression has been examined. Prevalence rates of wife’s report of wife- and husband-perpetrated physical aggression were 48% and 35% at premarriage, and 13% and 10% ten years later. Using HLM, husband- and wife-perpetrated physical aggression were found to decrease on average approximately one act of aggression per month, regardless of severity and even when controlling for changes in marital satisfaction. There was no significant pattern of change in psychological aggression. These findings are consistent with cross-sectional analyses, and suggest that physical partner aggression decreases in community samples of couples.

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Is Psychological Aggression as Detrimental as Physical Aggression? The Independent Effects of Psychological Aggression on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/0886-6708.24.1.20 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 20-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Erika Lawrence ◽

Jeungeun Yoon ◽

Amie Langer ◽

Eunyoe Ro

Keyword(s):

Physical Aggression ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Growth Curve Modeling ◽

Psychological Aggression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Physical Victimization ◽

Modeling Techniques ◽

Curve Modeling ◽

Independent Effects ◽

Psychological Victimization

The differential effects of psychological and physical victimization on depression and anxiety symptoms were examined via APIM and growth curve modeling techniques in a sample of newlyweds (N = 103 couples) assessed four times over the first 3 years of marriage. On average, husbands and wives reported moderate levels of psychological aggression, and there were no sex differences in prevalence rates or mean levels. Changes in psychological victimization were associated with changes in depression and anxiety symptoms, even after controlling for the effects of physical victimization. This study demonstrates the severe impact of psychological aggression on its victims and expands on previous studies of battering samples to demonstrate that psychological victimization may be more damaging than physical victimization in nonbattering, community couples.

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The Predictive Utility of Psychological Aggression for Intimate Partner Violence

Partner Abuse ◽

10.1891/1946-6560.5.1.83 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 83-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Katie Lee Salis ◽

Jessica Salwen ◽

K. Daniel O’Leary

Keyword(s):

Physical Aggression ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Couples Therapy ◽

Psychological Aggression ◽

Self Report ◽

Predictive Utility ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Conflict Tactics ◽

The Relationship ◽

Report Measure

Although psychological aggression has been identified as a risk factor for physical aggression, the prevalence of psychological aggression is much higher than that of physical aggression. To further understand the relationship between psychological and physical aggression, the level of psychological aggression at which physical aggression becomes more likely was evaluated. A representative sample of 268 men and 299 women responded anonymously to a self-report measure of aggression (revised Conflict Tactics Scale [CTS-2]) at baseline, and then 1 year later. Using both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, this study evaluated the level of psychological aggression that is necessary before it is likely that one will be physically aggressive. When one was at the 80th percentile of psychological aggression, there was a 70% probability that a man would be physically aggressive and 85% probability that a woman would be physically aggressive. Longitudinally, when one was at the 80th percentile of psychological aggression at Time 1, there was a 40% probability that a man would be physically aggressive and 45% probability that a woman would be physically aggressive at Time 2. CTS-2 psychological decile scores are provided along with the probability of physical aggression to assist clinicians in interpreting client scores. Implications for research and couples therapy are discussed.

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Official Incidents of Domestic Violence: Types, Injury, and Associations With Nonofficial Couple Aggression

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/0886-6708.24.4.502 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 502-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Deborah M. Capaldi ◽

Joann Wu Shortt ◽

Hyoun K. Kim ◽

Jane Wilson ◽

Lynn Crosby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Aggression ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Community Sample ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Psychological Aggression ◽

Physical Contact ◽

Medical Attention ◽

Physical Force ◽

Police Reports ◽

Official Police

Official police reports of intimate partner violence (IPV) were examined in a community sample of young, at-risk couples to determine the degree of mutuality and the relation between IPV arrests and aggression toward a partner (self-reported, partner reported, and observed). Arrests were predominantly of the men. Men were more likely to initiate physical contact, use physical force, and inflict injuries than women, although few injuries required medical attention. In the context of nonofficial aggression toward a partner, overall, women had higher levels of physical and psychological aggression compared to men, and levels of severe physical aggression did not differ by gender. Couples with an IPV arrest were more aggressive toward each other than couples with no IPV arrests; however, nonofficial levels of aggression were not higher for men than for women among couples experiencing an IPV incident.

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Violencia en el trabajo hacia los profesionales de enfermería en los servicios de emergencias: revisión integrativa

Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública ◽

10.26633/rpsp.2020.173 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Pia Contreras Jofre ◽

Ámbar Valenzuela Solís ◽

Jessica Pinto Soto ◽

Natalia Mendoza Ponce ◽

Fanny López-Alegría

Keyword(s):

Occupational Health ◽

Impact Assessment ◽

Physical Aggression ◽

Workplace Violence ◽

Health Impact Assessment ◽

Psychological Trauma ◽

Health Impact ◽

Psychological Aggression

Objetivo. Conocer la frecuencia de la violencia, tanto física como verbal, hacia los profesionales de enfermería, a nivel mundial en los servicios de emergencias y su impacto en la salud y en el contexto laboral. Métodos. La investigación fue realizada mediante una revisión integrativa, en febrero de 2020, de las bases bibliográfícas MEDLINE, LILACS, CINAHL y SciELO, utilizando los descriptores “Nurses”, “Workplace Violence”, “Physical Aggression”, “Psychological Aggression”, “Stress, Psychological”, “Psychological Trauma”, “Aggression”, “Health Impact Assessment”, “Health Impact”, “Impacts on Health”, “Impact Assessment, Health” y “Occupational Health”. Resultados. De los artículos localizados, 18 fueron incluidos en el análisis. Los estudios confirmaron que los profesionales de la salud más afectados por la violencia eran los profesionales de enfermería y el tipo más común fueron las agresiones verbales, seguidas por la violencia física. El área intrahospitalaria más común donde ocurrían dichas agresiones era el servicio de emergencias. El impacto en la salud de los profesionales de enfermería se correlacionó con el estrés, el agotamiento emocional, la ansiedad y el miedo, entre otros síntomas. Con respecto al impacto laboral, se evidenciaron relaciones indirectas significativas vinculadas con la reducción de la productividad. Todos estos aspectos llevaban a los profesionales de enfermería a considerar el abandono de sus trabajos en los servicios de emergencias. Conclusiones. Los resultados permitieron identificar un perfil de riesgo de violencia contra los profesionales de enfermería en los servicios de emergencias evidenciado por la alta incidencia de violencia física y verbal que repercutió en la disminución de la productividad en su trabajo y la aparición de síntomas relacionados al síndrome de burnout.

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Discrepant Drinking and Partner Violence Perpetration Over Time in Lesbians’ Relationships

Violence Against Women ◽

10.1177/1077801218781925 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (10) ◽

pp. 1149-1165 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Robin J. Lewis ◽

Barbara A. Winstead ◽

Abby L. Braitman ◽

Phoebe Hitson

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Physical Aggression ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Market Research ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Psychological Aggression ◽

Heterosexual Couples ◽

Relationship Aggression ◽

Violence Perpetration

Discrepant drinking (i.e., differences in alcohol use) and perpetration of intimate partner violence in same-sex female couples were examined. Self-identified lesbian participants were recruited from market research firms and reported on their own and their partner’s alcohol use and their own perpetration of psychological aggression and physical violence at baseline, then 6 and 12 months later. Cross-lagged panel analyses revealed that discrepant drinking predicted participants’ subsequent perpetration of psychological aggression but not physical violence. Both psychological aggression and physical aggression predicted subsequent discrepant drinking. Consistent with findings in heterosexual couples, differences in alcohol use appear to be a risk factor for relationship aggression.

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Major Depressive Disorder and Depressive Symptomatology as Predictors of Husband to Wife Physical Aggression

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/0886-6708.13.4.347 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 347-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Shari Feldbau-Kohn ◽

Richard E. Heyman ◽

K. Daniel O’Leary

Keyword(s):

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Physical Aggression ◽

Depressive Symptomatology ◽

Community Sample ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Psychological Aggression ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Court Mandated ◽

Depression Symptomatology

This study investigated the association between a husband’s depressive symptomatology and the frequency of physical aggression toward his wife, as well as a husband’s Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and the frequency of physical aggression toward his wife. We assessed physically aggressive men who volunteered for treatment with their wives (N = 89). Almost one third had moderate levels of depressive symptomatology (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI ≥ 14]), but only 11% met criteria for MDD (based on a structured interview [SCID]). Although the rate of MDD was not absolutely high, it was higher than that reported in a community sample (i.e., 3%). A significant relationship between increased depressive symptomatology and frequency of physical aggression was found, but the association was most likely accounted for by self-reported anger. Related contextual factors including marital discord and psychological aggression are addressed. Theoretical and treatment implications are discussed, including the severity of the treatment population (volunteer vs. court mandated), and severity of the depression (symptomatology vs. clinical diagnosis).

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