Gewalttätigkeiten in Partnerschaften – Männer und Frauen mit Suchtproblemen als Opfer und Täter/Täterinnen

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Beitrag geht es um Gewalttätigkeiten in Partnerschaften und den Zusammenhang mit dem Konsum bzw. Missbrauch von Alkohol und anderen (stimulierenden) psychoaktiven Substanzen. Hellfelddaten, die vom Bundeskriminalamt zusammengestellt werden, belegen, dass rund ¼ derjenigen, die wegen Gewalttätigkeiten in Partnerschaften angezeigt werden, unter dem Einfluss von Alkohol stehen; die Mehrzahl von ihnen ist männlich, die Minderheit weiblich. Jedoch belegen Befragungsdaten (sog. Dunkelfelddaten), dass das Ausmaß der Partnerschaftsgewalt viel höher ist und viel höhere Zahlen von Täter:innen und Opfern existieren. Zudem zeigen Studien, die mit den Conflict Tactics Scales durchgeführt worden sind, dass das Aggressionsniveau von Männern und Frauen sich wenig voneinander unterscheidet. Das gilt allerdings nicht für sexualisierte Gewalt, Frauen sind fast immer die Opfer von sexualisierter Gewalt. Zusammengefasst kann festgehalten werden, dass Männer und Frauen sich in etwa gleicher Häufigkeit sowohl „nüchtern“ als auch unter dem Einfluss von psychoaktiven Substanzen in leichte aggressive Auseinandersetzungen einlassen, aber es sind vor allem Männer, die darüber hinaus gehen, insbesondere hinsichtlich sexueller Gewalt. Schätzungen auf der Basis von Behandlungsdaten weisen darauf hin, dass rund 2/3 der Frauen, die in einer Suchtbehandlung sind, Opfer von Partnerschaftsgewalt sind. Eine kleinere Gruppe von Frauen ist in kleinere aggressive Auseinandersetzungen involviert und einige wenige Frauen sind selbst gewalttätig. Diese Gruppen von Frauen benötigen unterschiedliche Hilfsprogramme ebenso wie Männer als Gewalttäter oder Opfer, damit sie sich entweder gegen Gewalt in Partnerschaften wehren können oder ihren Ärger und ihre Impulsivität kontrollieren lernen.

Association Between Intimate Partner Violence and Undernutrition Among Married Nepalese Women of Reproductive Age

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) is well recognized as a human rights violation and a serious global health issue that has affected about a third of worldwide women at any given time. It is defined as physical, sexual, or psychological harm caused by a spouse or an intimate partner. Its short and long-term detrimental effects on women’s physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health are well-documented. However, its effect on nutritional status is not well-studied, and previous studies have led to contradictory findings. This study aimed to explore the association between intimate partner violence and undernutrition among married Nepalese women of reproductive age.MethodThe 2016 Nepal Demographic Health Survey data was used in this study. This study used a modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale to determine women’s exposure to IPV, and anemia and low body mass index as the proxies of undernutrition. Prevalence of IPV, anemia, and underweight were calculated across sociodemographic characteristics, and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between IPV and undernutrition.ResultsAmong 3476 women included in this study, the prevalence of physical, sexual, and emotional IPVs were 21.75%, 7.42%, and 12.31% respectively. 13.78% of women were underweight and 38.95% were anemic. The adjusted odds ratio of physical, sexual, and emotional IPV survivors of being underweight were 1.06 (95% CI: 0.95–1.17), 0.96 (95% CI: 0.73–1.25), and 1.14 (95% CI: 0.89–1.43) respectively. The adjusted odds ratio of being anemic for physical, sexual, and emotional IPV survivors was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.93–1.09), 1.24 (95% CI: 1.02–1.52), and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.76–1.11) respectively.ConclusionNone of the three IPV types was significantly associated with being underweight. Among the three IPV types, only sexual IPV (SIPV) was significantly associated with anemia, meaning the increase in SIPV score by 1, which is experiencing an additional form of SIPV, increased SIPV survivors' odds of being anemic by 24%. Therefore, IPV screening should be a part of regular healthcare assessment for undernourished married women, especially for those who are anemic, and appropriate support should be offered to IPV survivors.

Fatores associados à violência física grave contra crianças e adolescentes com transtornos mentais

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados à ocorrência de violência física grave em crianças e adolescentes com transtornos mentais. Método: estudo transversal com 274 pacientes atendidos em uma unidade de atenção psicossocial de Nova Iguaçu, entre outubro e dezembro de 2016. Além de dados sociodemográficos e clínicos dos cuidadores e crianças, a violência familiar foi apreendida pelo “Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales”. Resultados: o tempo de atendimento na unidade de saúde combinada com a jornada semanal de cuidado pelo cuidador resultaram em altas chances de ocorrência de violência física grave (OR 5,0; p-valor 0,002). Por outro lado, a participação em programas de transferência de renda (OR 0,5; p-valor 0,015) demonstrou proteção das crianças e adolescentes às violências. Conclusão: as características sociodemográficas e clínicas parecem estar relacionadas à ocorrência de maus-tratos físicos. Para prevenir episódios, principalmente devido à sobrecarga dos cuidadores, parece imprescindível que as famílias sejam inseridas no cotidiano do cuidado mental.

Marital Conflict and Destructive Resolution Tactics: The Case of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia

This study was conducted to examine the major causes of marital conflicts among couples in their day-to-day marital disagreements, the proportion of destructive conflict resolution tactics, the level of destructive conflict tactics, and the differences of destructive conflict tactics within couples. A total of 188 married women who live in Bahir Dar city were participated in the study. Causes of Marital Conflict Questionnaire and Conflict Tactics Scale were used to collect quantitative data. In addition, interview was conducted with eight participants to substantiate the quantitative findings. The result revealed that household responsibility, follow-up of child education, child caring, disparity in parenting, misunderstanding, lack of interest to generate income, carelessness, insufficient income for the family, extravagance, and lack of intimacy are found to be the major causes for marital conflict. It was also found that 60 percent of these participants employed destructive reasoning and 5 percent of them employed each verbal aggression and physical aggression frequently while resolving their marital dispute. The repeated-measures t-test results also showed that these participants practiced more destructive reasoning than verbal aggression and physical aggression, and more verbal aggression than physical aggression. Therefore, it was concluded that by practicing frequent destructive reasoning tactics, majority of the families of these participants seem placing themselves at risk of applying more hostile conflict tactic and obstructing their happiness.

Victim and Perpetrator Acknowledgement of Intimate Partner Violence and Victim Psychopathology

The present study assesses differences between acknowledged and unacknowledged victims in post-victimization psychopathology, abuse disability and coping. Few studies have examined abuse acknowledgment among intimate partner violence (IPV) victims. To our knowledge, this study is the first to use an experimental manipulation to assess changes in acknowledgment among IPV victims. Female undergraduate students currently in dating relationships completed demographic, coping and psychopathology questionnaires, and the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS). They then watched a video of an IPV perpetrator who either acknowledged abuse or did not acknowledge abuse. Following the video, participants completed a psychopathology questionnaire and a post-video acknowledgment assessment. Approximately 38% of the sample reported IPV victimization. Only 7.89% acknowledged victimization. Acknowledged IPV victims had the highest mean victimization score but reported psychopathology similar to nonvictims on all subscales except phobic anxiety. Unacknowledged victims reported greater psychopathology, depression, anxiety, and hostility than nonvictims and were more symptomatic overall. Unacknowledged victims reported more frequent use of avoidant coping strategies than nonvictims. These strategies included substance use, self-blame, and behavioral disengagement. Acknowledged and unacknowledged victims reported greater abuse disability than nonvictims, and acknowledged victims reported greater life restriction than unacknowledged victims. Following the video, the number of acknowledged victims nearly doubled, and acknowledged victims reported increased depression. On the basis of these findings, clinicians and researchers should carefully consider acknowledgment as a potential factor in post-victimization mental health and explore ways to increases victim acknowledgment.

PENGARUH ATTACHMENT STYLE DAN KEPUASAN HUBUNGAN ROMANTISTERHADAP PERILAKU DATING VIOLENCE PADA MAHASISWA UNIVERSITAS BUANA PERJUANGAN KARAWANG ANGKATAN 2016

The phenomenon of dating violence is often encountered and shows a number that continues to increase every year. This can affect individual satisfaction in their romantic relationships. This study aims to examine the effect of attachment style and romantic relationship satisfaction toward dating violence behavior. The subjects in this study were students of University Buana Perjuangan Karawang 2016. This study used a quantitative approach with snowball sampling techniques. The sample used was 251 from 936 students. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression with an error rate of 5%. The research instrument used three Likert scale questionnaire such as the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) questionnaire, the Relationship Assessment Scale, and the Conflict Tactics Scale. The results of the research obtained a significant value of 0.053; p>0.05 indicates that there is no influence between attachment style and romantic relationship satisfaction toward dating violence behavior. Keywords: Attachment style, dating violence, romantic relationship satisfaction, student dating. Fenomena kekerasan dalam pacaran sering banyak dijumpai dan menunjukkan angka yang terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Hal ini dapat berpengaruh pada kepuasan individu dalam menjalani hubungan romantisnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh attachment style dan kepuasan hubungan romantis terhadap perilaku dating violence. Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah Mahasiswa Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang angkatan 2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik pengambilan snowball sampling. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 251 dari 936 mahasiswa. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah regresi linear berganda dengan taraf kesalahan 5%. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan tiga kuesioner skala likert, yaitu kuesioner Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), Relationship Assessment Scale, dan Conflict Tactics Scale. Hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai signifikan 0,053; karena p > 0,05 menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat pengaruh antara attachment style dan kepuasan hubungan romantis terhadap perilaku dating violence. Kata Kunci: Attachment style, dating violence, kepuasan hubungan romantis, mahasiswa berpacaran.

Ideação suicida em mulheres e violência por parceiro íntimo

Objetivo: investigar a associação entre ideação suicida e violência por parceiro íntimo em mulheres. Método: estudo analítico e transversal, desenvolvido em Unidades Básicas de Saúde do Piauí-Brasil, com 369 mulheres adultas e com histórico de relacionamento. Os dados foram coletados de agosto de 2015 a março de 2016, por meio do Revised Conflict Tactics Scales e Self-Reporting Questionnaire, e analisados no software Statistical Package for the Social Science, versão 20.0. Resultados: verificou-se que 65,3% das mulheres sofreram violência por parceiro íntimo, 61,0% foi vítima de violência psicológica, 32,2% física, 18,7% moral e 17,1% sexual. Identificou-se associação entre ideação suicida e violência por parceiro íntimo (p=0,000), violência psicológica (p=0,001) e moral (p=0,000). Ser vítima de violência por parceiro íntimo aumenta 4,35 vezes as chances de as mulheres pensarem em cometer atos contra a própria vida. Conclusão: a ideação suicida está associada a violência por parceiro íntimo, violência psicológica e moral.

Violência entre parceiros íntimos, oferta de leite materno, substitutos e uso de mamadeiras no primeiro ano de vida

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a relação da violência física entre parceiros íntimos (VFPI) e a oferta de leite materno (LM), os substitutos do leite materno (SLM) e o uso de mamadeiras entre crianças entre 12 e 15 meses. Estudo transversal com mães em unidades de saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro, realizado entre junho de 2005 e dezembro de 2009. A VFPI foi identificada pela versão brasileira da Conflict Tactics Scales 1- Form R e as práticas de alimentação foram identificadas por recordatório de 24 horas. As associações foram verificadas por regressão logística mediante estimativas de razão de chances (RC) e intervalos de confiança de 95%. O leite materno foi ofertado a 58,5% das crianças e os substitutos do leite materno a 88,5%, e 70,5% das crianças usavam mamadeira. A violência física foi observada em 26,7% dos casais. Em lares onde os casais se agridem fisicamente há uma maior chance de não ofertar leite materno, maior chance de ofertar substitutos do leite materno e de usar mamadeira comparado aos lares onde não existe violência física. Os resultados chamam atenção para a necessidade de se investigar as relações intrafamiliares em casos que são identificadas práticas inadequadas de aleitamento, e de capacitar os profissionais de saúde para apoiar as famílias em situações de conflito.

Self – Regard of Individuals with Autism – How People from the Autism Spectrum Perceive Autism. A Netnographic Research

This research on adults with a diagnosis of autism is a multidirectional and multistage analysis. It is aimed at reviewing the current knowledge about the disorder as well as taking optimal actions towards social inclusion for people with ASD (autistic spectrum disorder). The research and analysis was facilitated by selecting subjects who have sufficient communication and social skills to be able to participate in the study. The new DSM 5, which now has descriptors of CTS (Conflict Tactics Scale) degrees, was useful for this purpose. Data was gathered by means of personalized forms and methods, with in-depth netnographic (rather than face-to-face) interviews conducted. As no similar research using the netnographic method could be found, a pilot study was initiated, which was then gradually expanded to include a larger number of respondents. This research made it possible to record the views of people with ASD regarding autism and their functioning in society.

Internet Searches for Terms Related to Child Maltreatment During COVID-19: Infodemiology Approach (Preprint)

UNSTRUCTURED We examined internet searches indicative of abusive parental behaviors before and after the World Health Organization’s declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic (March 11, 2020) and subsequent lockdown measures in many countries worldwide. Using Google Trends, we inferred search trends between December 28, 2018, and December 27, 2020, for queries consisting of “mother,” “father,” or “parents” combined with each of the 11 maltreatment-related verbs used in the Conflict Tactics Scales, Parent-Child version. Raw search counts from the Google Trends data were estimated using Comscore. Of all 33 search terms, 28 terms showed increases in counts after the lockdowns began. These findings indicate a strong increase in internet searches relating to occurrence, causes, or consequences of emotional and physical maltreatment since the lockdowns began and call for the use of maltreatment-related queries to direct parents or children to online information and support.