Alkaline Phosphatase: A Reliable Endogenous Partner for Drug Delivery and Diagnostics

Recognized for various beneficial actions, propolis can be differentiated according to its origin. Red propolis, discovered in the northeast of Brazil, offers a strong antioxidant action. Nanoparticles are an innovative tool in the pharmaceutical field, as they help in efficient drug delivery. This study aimed to use red propolis nanoparticles in dogs and evaluate their action based on hematological and biochemical results. Eight healthy adult dogs (bodyweight, 6–27 kg) received 50 mg/animal of polymeric nanoparticles with 20% red propolis extract in a capsule, orally, once a day. Blood samples were collected weekly (five times), and hematologic, hepatic, and renal evaluations were performed. No significant changes were observed, except for alkaline phosphatase, which showed a significant reduction over time. This study in healthy adult dogs did not verify any hematologic, renal, or hepatic adverse effects of daily oral red propolis polymeric nanoparticles (capsules) administration. The results suggest a potential beneficial effect on the liver.

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Techniques For The Preparation of Tissue Samples Containing Injectable Polymer Microcapsules

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100120242 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 710-711

Author(s):

G.E. Visscher ◽

R. L. Robison ◽

G. J. Argentieri

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽

Degradation Process ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Tissue Reaction ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Injectable Polymer ◽

Microscopic Techniques

The use of various bioerodable polymers as drug delivery systems has gained considerable interest in recent years. Among some of the shapes used as delivery systems are films, rods and microcapsules. The work presented here will deal with the techniques we have utilized for the analysis of the tissue reaction to and actual biodegradation of injectable microcapsules. This work has utilized light microscopic (LM), transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopic techniques. The design of our studies has utilized methodology that would; 1. best characterize the actual degradation process without artifacts introduced by fixation procedures and 2. allow for reproducible results.In our studies, the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat was chosen as the injection site. Prior to the injection of microcapsules the skin above the sites was shaved and tattooed for later recognition and recovery. 1.0 cc syringes were loaded with the desired quantity of microcapsules and the vehicle (0.5% hydroxypropylmethycellulose) drawn up. The syringes were agitated to suspend the microcapsules in the injection vehicle.

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Interrelationship of the cellular distribution and secretion of regular structure (RS) protein in Bacillus licheniformis nm 105

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100123969 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 712-713

Author(s):

Xiaorong Zhu ◽

Richard McVeigh ◽

Bijan K. Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Bacillus Licheniformis ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Culture Supernatant ◽

Regular Structure ◽

The Self ◽

Cellular Distribution ◽

Structural Protein ◽

Laboratory Cultures

A mutant of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C, NM 105 exhibits some notable properties, e.g., arrest of alkaline phosphatase secretion and overexpression and hypersecretion of RS protein. Although RS is known to be widely distributed in many microbes, it is rarely found, with a few exceptions, in laboratory cultures of microorganisms. RS protein is a structural protein and has the unusual properties to form aggregate. This characteristic may have been responsible for the self assembly of RS into regular tetragonal structures. Another uncommon characteristic of RS is that enhanced synthesis and secretion which occurs when the cells cease to grow. Assembled RS protein with a tetragonal structure is not seen inside cells at any stage of cell growth including cells in the stationary phase of growth. Gel electrophoresis of the culture supernatant shows a very large amount of RS protein in the stationary culture of the B. licheniformis. It seems, Therefore, that the RS protein is cotranslationally secreted and self assembled on the envelope surface.

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In Situ Localization of PPAR Gamma and Uncoupling Protein in Mouse Embryo Sections Using Digoxigenin-Labeled Riboprobes

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100162624 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 32-33

Author(s):

C. Jennermann ◽

S. A. Kliewer ◽

D. C. Morris

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Uncoupling Protein ◽

Ppar Gamma ◽

Nuclear Hormone Receptor ◽

Full Length ◽

Northern Analysis ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and has been shown in vitro to regulate genes involved in lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. By Northern analysis, we and other researchers have shown that expression of this receptor predominates in adipose tissue in adult mice, and appears first in whole-embryo mRNA at 13.5 days postconception. In situ hybridization was used to find out in which developing tissues PPARg is specifically expressed.Digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes were generated using the Genius™ 4 RNA Labeling Kit from Boehringer Mannheim. Full length PPAR gamma, obtained by PCR from mouse liver cDNA, was inserted into pBluescript SK and used as template for the transcription reaction. Probes of average size 200 base pairs were made by partial alkaline hydrolysis of the full length transcripts. The in situ hybridization assays were performed as described previously with some modifications. Frozen sections (10 μm thick) of day 18 mouse embryos were cut, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and acetylated with 0.25% acetic anhydride in 1.0M triethanolamine buffer. The sections were incubated for 2 hours at room temperature in pre-hybridization buffer, and were then hybridized with a probe concentration of 200μg per ml at 70° C, overnight in a humidified chamber. Following stringent washes in SSC buffers, the immunological detection steps were performed at room temperature. The alkaline phosphatase labeled, anti-digoxigenin antibody and detection buffers were purchased from Boehringer Mannheim. The sections were treated with a blocking buffer for one hour and incubated with antibody solution at a 1:5000 dilution for 2 hours, both at room temperature. Colored precipitate was formed by exposure to the alkaline phosphatase substrate nitrobluetetrazoliumchloride/ bromo-chloroindlylphosphate.

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Electron microscopic study of the membrane glycoproteins in the rat kidney after cisplatin treatment

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100156547 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 912-913

Author(s):

S.K. Aggarwal

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Rat Kidney ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Kidney Tissue ◽

Membrane Glycoproteins ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Before And After ◽

Interstrand Cross Links ◽

Cross Links

The proposed primary mechanism of action of the anticancer drug cisplatin (Cis-DDP) is through its interaction with DNA, mostly through DNA intrastrand cross-links or DNA interstrand cross-links. DNA repair mechanisms can circumvent this arrest thus permitting replication and transcription to proceed. Various membrane transport enzymes have also been demonstrated to be effected by cisplatin. Glycoprotein alkaline phosphatase was looked at in the proximal tubule cells before and after cisplatin both in vivo and in vitro for its inactivation or its removal from the membrane using light and electron microscopy.Outbred male Swiss Webster (Crl: (WI) BR) rats weighing 150-250g were given ip injections of cisplatin (7mg/kg). Animals were killed on day 3 and day 5. Thick slices (20-50.um) of kidney tissue from treated and untreated animals were fixed in 1% buffered glutaraldehyde and 1% formaldehyde (0.05 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.3) for 30 min at 4°C. Alkaline phosphatase activity and carbohydrates were demonstrated according to methods described earlier.

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Nanotheranostic agents for neurodegenerative diseases

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences ◽

10.1042/etls20190141 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 645-675

Author(s):

Parasuraman Padmanabhan ◽

Mathangi Palanivel ◽

Ajay Kumar ◽

Domokos Máthé ◽

George K. Radda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Cell Types ◽

Specific Cell ◽

Ageing Population ◽

Target Tissue ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Surface Receptors ◽

Theranostic Agents ◽

Preclinical Animal Models

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), affect the ageing population worldwide and while severely impairing the quality of life of millions, they also cause a massive economic burden to countries with progressively ageing populations. Parallel with the search for biomarkers for early detection and prediction, the pursuit for therapeutic approaches has become growingly intensive in recent years. Various prospective therapeutic approaches have been explored with an emphasis on early prevention and protection, including, but not limited to, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Many pharmacological interventions have proved to be promising novel avenues, but successful applications are often hampered by the poor delivery of the therapeutics across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). To overcome this challenge, nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery has been considered as a promising option, as NP-based drug delivery systems can be functionalized to target specific cell surface receptors and to achieve controlled and long-term release of therapeutics to the target tissue. The usefulness of NPs for loading and delivering of drugs has been extensively studied in the context of NDDs, and their biological efficacy has been demonstrated in numerous preclinical animal models. Efforts have also been made towards the development of NPs which can be used for targeting the BBB and various cell types in the brain. The main focus of this review is to briefly discuss the advantages of functionalized NPs as promising theranostic agents for the diagnosis and therapy of NDDs. We also summarize the results of diverse studies that specifically investigated the usage of different NPs for the treatment of NDDs, with a specific emphasis on AD and PD, and the associated pathophysiological changes. Finally, we offer perspectives on the existing challenges of using NPs as theranostic agents and possible futuristic approaches to improve them.

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