Acid sulfite pulping of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita as a pretreatment method for multiproduct biorefineries

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. has become an important tree species in the forest plantations of SE Asia, and in Malaysian Borneo in particular, to replace thousands of hectares of Acacia mangium Willd. which has suffered significant loss caused by Ceratocystis manginecans infection in Sabah, Malaysia. Since its first introduction at a commercial scale in 2012, E. pellita has been planted in many areas in the region. The species replacement requires new silvicultural practices to induce the adaptability of E. pellita to grow in the region and this includes relevant research to optimise such regimes as planting distance, pruning, weeding practices and nutrition regimes. In this present study, the nutritional status of the foliage was investigated with the aim to develop near infrared spectroscopic calibrations that can be used to monitor and quantify nutrient status, particularly total foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the field. Spectra acquired on fresh foliage in situ on the tree could be used to predict N and P with accuracy suitable for operational decision-making regards fertiliser application. If greater accuracy is required, spectra acquired on dry, milled foliage could be used to predict N and P within a relative error of 10% (R2c, r2CV, RMSEP, RPD = 0.77, 0.71, 0.02 g 100/g, 1.9 for foliar P and = 0.90, 0.88, 0.21 g 100/g, 3.0 for foliar N on dry, milled foliage). The ultimate application of this is in situ nutrient monitoring, particularly to aid longitudinal studies in fertiliser trial plots and forest operations, as the non-destructive nature of NIR spectroscopy would enable regular monitoring of individual leaves over time without the need to destructively sample them. This would aid the temporal and spatial analysis of field data.

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Habitat relationships of the mahogany glider, Petaurus gracilis, and the sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps

Wildlife Research ◽

10.1071/wr98045 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 39 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Stephen M. Jackson

Keyword(s):

Canopy Cover ◽

Acacia Mangium ◽

Adjacent Area ◽

Entire Study ◽

Fragmented Forest ◽

Eucalyptus Pellita ◽

Continuous Forest ◽

Sugar Glider ◽

Food Species ◽

Petaurus Breviceps

Trapping data of the mahogany glider, Petaurus gracilis, and the sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps, in sympatry, in north Queensland, were analysed with vegetation variables to determine the habitat relationships of these two species. The study area contained a trapping grid (80 traps) within an area of continuous forest and trapping transects within an adjacent area of fragmented forest (44 traps). The mahogany glider was trapped more often at 43 of the 124 locations (38 in the continuous and 5 in the fragmented forest), with the sugar glider dominant at 46 locations (18 in the continuous forest and 28 in the fragmented forest). The remaining 27 trap locations where gliders were caught did not favour either species. Eight trap locations within riparian rainforest had no captures of either species. The presence of mahogany gliders was significantly correlated with the presence of Corymbia clarksoniana, Eucalyptus platyphylla, the absence of Corymbia intermedia and Acacia mangium, and a small mid and upper canopy cover. In contrast, the presence of sugar gliders was most correlated with a large number of stems. When the presence of the mahogany glider was compared with that of the sugar glider with respect to various habitat variables for the entire study area, the mahogany glider was most associated with the presence of C. clarksoniana, Eucalyptus pellita, Lophostemon suaveolens, Melaleuca dealbata and a reduced lower and upper canopy. In contrast, the sugar glider was most associated with C. intermedia, A. mangium, a large number of potential food species, rainforest species and a dense mid and upper canopy cover.

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Pengaruh Alkali Aktif terhadap Karakteristik Pulp Kraft Putih Acacia mangium dan Eucalyptus pellita

JURNAL SELULOSA ◽

10.25269/jsel.v10i01.291 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (01) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Teddy Kardiansyah ◽

Susi Sugesty

Keyword(s):

Kraft Pulp ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Acacia Mangium ◽

Raw Material ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Pulp Industry ◽

Elemental Chlorine ◽

Eucalyptus Pellita ◽

Free Process ◽

Industrial Plantation

Industri pulp Indonesia saat ini memiliki masalah dalam penyediaan bahan baku kayu Acacia mangium, karena serangan penyakit tanaman dan hama. Hal ini harus diantisipasi melalui bahan baku alternatif pengganti Acacia mangium, spesies Eucalyptus pellita dipilih karena lebih tahan terhadap hama dan penyakit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik kualitas pulp kraft putih E. Pellita. Penelitian pembuatan pulp kertas dilakukan dengan proses kraft dengan bahan baku A. mangium dan E. pellita. Pemasakan dilakukan dengan variasi alkali aktif 16-20%, sulfiditas 28,7%, pada suhu 165 °C, rasio larutan pemasak terhadap kayu 3,5:1 dan faktor H 1.022. Pemutihan pulp dilakukan dengan proses ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) dengan tahapan OD0EoD1. Karakteristik pulp kraft hasil pemasakan A. mangium lebih tinggi pada parameter rendemen tersaring, bilangan kappa dan viskositas dibandingkan dengan E. pellita. Penggunaan alkali aktif 16% pada pemasakan A. mangium lebih rendah dari E. pellita (18%), namun kualitasnya dapat memenuhi spesifikasi kualitas pulp kraft putih sesuai SNI 6107:2015 (Pulp Kraft Putih Kayu daun) pada parameter derajat giling, derajat putih dan sifat fisik. Karakteristik pulp kraft putih A. mangium lebih tinggi pada parameter derajat giling, derajat putih dan sifat fisik dibandingkan dengan E. pellita. Namun demikian E. pellita berpotensi untuk dikembangkan di Hutan Tanaman Industri sebagai bahan baku pulp.Effect of Active Alkali on Characteristic of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita Bleached Kraft PulpAbstractThe Indonesian pulp industry currently has problems in supplying Acacia mangium wood raw materials, due to plant disease and pest attacks. This could be anticipated through alternative raw materials to substitute Acacia mangium, the Eucalyptus pellita species chosen because it is more resistant to pests and diseases. This study was conducted to determine the quality characteristics of E. Pellita bleached kraft pulp. The research on making paper pulp using A. mangium and E. pellita was carried out by means of the kraft process. The cooking was carried out with a variation of 16-20% active alkali, 28.7% sulfidity, at a temperature of 165°C, a liquor to wood ratio of 3.5:1 and an H factor of 1.022. The bleaching of the pulp has been carried out using the ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) process with the OD0EoD1 stage. Characteristics of kraft pulp from A. mangium cooking were higher in the screening yield, kappa number and viscosity compared to E. Pellita. The use of 16% active alkaline in cooking of A. mangium is lower than E. pellita (18%), but the quality can meet the quality specifications of white kraft pulp according to SNI 6107: 2015 (White Kraft Leaf Wood Pulp) on the parameters of milled degree, whiteness and properties. The characteristics of A. mangium white kraft pulp were higher in parameters of grind degree, whiteness and physical properties compared to E. pellita. However, E. pellita has the potential to be developed in Industrial Plantation Forests as raw material for pulp.

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ANALISIS PELUANG USAHA BAGI HASIL HUTAN TANAMAN JENIS Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell DAN Acacia mangium Willd DI KABUPATEN KUTAI KARTANEGARA PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR

AGRIFOR ◽

10.31293/af.v18i2.4348 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 313

Author(s):

Rusni Noor ◽

Abubakar M. Lahjie ◽

B.D.A.S. Simarangkir ◽

Yosep Ruslim

Keyword(s):

Acacia Mangium ◽

Profit Sharing ◽

Eucalyptus Pellita

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui riap pertumbuhan, tingkat pengembalian nominal dan kelayakan keuntungan profit sharing pengelolaan hutan tanaman Jenis Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell dan Acacia mangium Willd di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Analisis pertumbuhan riap dan produksi menggunakan metode riap MAI dan CAI pada perhitungan total volume, diameter dan tinggi pohon, serta untuk profit sharing menggunakan analisis kelayakan i (tingkat pengembalian nominal). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi/pertumbuhan Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell mencapai riap yang optimal pada umur 5 tahun dengan total volume sebesar 156,53 m3/ha, riap MAI mencapai 31,31 m3/ha/thn dan CAI 31,35 m3/ha/thn sedangkan jenis Acacia mangium Willdmencapai riap yang optimal pada umur 5 tahun dengan total volume sebesar 150,22 m3/ha, riap MAI mencapai 30,04 m3/ha/thn dan CAI 30,50 m3/ha/thn. Analisis tingkat pengembalian nominal dan peluang usaha bagi hasil berbasis ekonomi konvensional Eucalyptus pellita F. Muelldengan sistem bagi hasil masing-masing mendapatkan 50% baik untuk investor maupun pengelola menghasilkan tingkat pengembalian nominal sebesar 49,49%. Analisis tingkat pengembalian nominal dan peluang usaha bagi hasil berbasis ekonomi konvensional jenis Acacia mangium Willddengan sistem bagi hasil masing-masing 50% untuk investor dan pengelola menghasilkan tingkat pengembalian nominal sebesar 48,26%.Tanaman jenis Eucalyptus pellita F. Muelldan Acacia mangium Willdsama-sama layak untuk diusahakan karena nilai tingkat pengembalian nominalnya lebih besar daripada tingkat bunga minimal yang diterima oleh investor (MAR).

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Growth Response to Weed Control and Fertilisation in Mid-Rotation Plantations of Eucalyptus pellita in South Sumatra, Indonesia

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12121653 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1653

Author(s):

Maydra A. Inail ◽

Eko B. Hardiyanto ◽

Daniel S. Mendham ◽

Erlanda Thaher

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Tree Growth ◽

Nutrient Management ◽

Acacia Mangium ◽

Weed Competition ◽

Young Tree ◽

Wood Volume ◽

High Productivity ◽

Eucalyptus Pellita ◽

Lower Productivity

We report on a study of mid-rotation weed control and nutrient management in Eucalyptus pellita plantations in South Sumatra. The study was established at two contrasting sites (representing high and low productivity for the region) that had previously carried three rotations of Acacia mangium. A combination of weed control, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) fertiliser were applied at 1 and 2 years after establishment. We found that the addition of up to 250 kg N ha−1 applied either at 1 year or 2 years after planting did not improve growth. The application of P (30 kg P ha−1) at age 1 year (in addition to 12 kg P ha−1 applied at planting) did not enhance tree growth either. Keeping the plantation free from weed competition throughout rotation (full weed control) enhanced wood volume up to age 4 years at the high-productivity site, while it improved wood volume up to the end of rotation at age 6 years at the low-productivity site. An additional experiment assessing the effect of weed control in the early phase of plantation establishment revealed that weed competition reduced young tree growth of E. pellita substantially. The results of the studies support the current practice of plantation management of E. pellita in the region that applied only P fertiliser at planting time and that kept trees free from weed competition before canopy closure. Full weed control throughout rotation is worth practicing at lower-productivity sites to achieve maximum productivity.

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Cement Hydration Tests Using Wood Flour may not Predict the Suitability of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita for the Manufacture of Wood-Wool Cement Boards

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.1999.053 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 327-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

K.E. Semple ◽

R.B. Cunningham ◽

P.D. Evans

Keyword(s):

Cement Hydration ◽

Wood Flour ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Acacia Mangium ◽

Lower Surface ◽

Heat Of Hydration ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cement Composites ◽

Eucalyptus Pellita ◽

Wood Cement Composites

Summary Wood-wool cement boards (WWCBs) are manufactured in many tropical countries which have extensive eucalypt and acacia plantations. Wood from such plantations could act as a potential raw material for WWCBs, but the suitability of most tropical eucalypts and acacias for the manufacture of such products is unknown. This study was undertaken to assess whether the standard laboratory test for wood-cement compatibility, which measures heat of hydration in wood flour-cement mixtures, is an appropriate method for screening tropical eucalypts and acacias for their compatibility with cement and suitability for the manufacture of WWCBs. Wood samples from a tropical eucalypt (E. pellita) and a tropical acacia (A. mangium) were tested in two forms, i. e. flour and wool, for their compatibility (expressed by maximum hydration temperature and CA-factor) with Portland cement. Form significantly influenced the effect of the wood on cement hydration, resulting in a different species compatibility ranking for flour and wool. As the heartwood content of wood-wool-cement hydration test samples increased, Tmax. and CA factor increased whereas the opposite occured for those containing wood flour. Tests using wood flour ranked E. pellita as being more compatible with cement than A. mangium whereas the ranking was reversed when wood-wool was used. Furthermore at low wood levels the compatibility of samples containing wood-wool or wood flour with cement was similar whereas at high wood levels, samples containing wood-wool were much more compatible with cement than those containing wood flour. Laboratory tests designed to screen eucalypts and acacias for their compatibility with cement should use wood in a coarser form with a lower surface-to-volume ratio than flour. Caution should be exercised if using results from wood flour-cement hydration tests to estimate the suitability of wood species for the manufacture of WWCBs and possibly other wood-cement composites.

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Active alkali charge effect on kraft pulping process of acacia mangium and eucalyptus pellita

10.1063/1.5054440 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vebria Ardina ◽

Bambang Irawan ◽

Danawati Hari Prajitno ◽

Achmad Roesyadi

Keyword(s):

Acacia Mangium ◽

Kraft Pulping ◽

Charge Effect ◽

Eucalyptus Pellita

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Growth Responses of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell Plantations in South Sumatra to Macronutrient Fertilisers Following Several Rotations of Acacia mangium Willd.

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10121054 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1054 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maydra Alen Inail ◽

Eko B. Hardiyanto ◽

Daniel S. Mendham

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Dynamics ◽

Acacia Mangium ◽

Stem Volume ◽

Native Forest ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Lower Efficiency ◽

Eucalyptus Pellita ◽

Forest Sites ◽

P Addition ◽

Large Response

Eucalyptus pellita has rapidly emerged as the species that has replaced Acacia mangium in broad-scale commercial plantations in Indonesia following widespread losses due to disease and in soils that have suffered a steady decline in phosphorus (P) under plantation forestry. Conversion from a nitrogen (N)-fixing to a non-N fixing species is expected to change the nutrient dynamics and the management required to maximise productivity. In this study in South Sumatra, responses of E. pellita to the application of N, P, potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) fertilisers were assessed at a number of trials on sites with varying site history; A. mangium was planted at one site to compare the species’ responses to N and P. The growth of E. pellita responded significantly (p < 0.01) to P’s application but not to N, K or Ca, with the addition of P increasing the stem volume by 32.6 m3 ha−1 at 3 years of age compared with no addition of P fertiliser; the demand for P in the first two years of growth was, respectively, 4.8 and 6.8 kg ha−1. This positive and large response appears to be because E. pellita has a lower efficiency in its use of P than A. mangium and is, therefore, more responsive than A. mangium to the addition of P. The reason for the lack of response to N remains unclear, although demand for N as well as K and Ca was high. These results suggest that sites recently converted to E. pellita from A. mangium and also new ex-native forest sites will be likely to only respond to P addition and that the response of E. pellita is likely to be greater than for A. mangium to maximise yield. At present, additional N, Ca or K fertilisers are not required, but this may change in the future.

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Productivity of Eucalyptus pellita in Sumatra: Acacia mangium Legacy, Response to Phosphorus, and Site Variables for Guiding Management

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12091186 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1186

Author(s):

Eko Hardiyanto ◽

Maydra Inail ◽

E. K. Sadanandan Nambiar

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Acacia Mangium ◽

Legacy Effects ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Management Actions ◽

Eucalyptus Pellita ◽

Extractable P ◽

Top Soil

We report on experimental studies conducted in South Sumatra with interrelated objectives to (i) examine the trends in production covering 30 years, including three rotations of Acacia mangium followed by Eucalyptus pellita which replaced A. mangium for managing the widespread threat of diseases; (ii) understand the effects of inter-rotation slash and litter management applied to acacia (legacy effects) on E. pellita growth; (iii) assess the long term changes in the top soil layer arising from above; (iv) evaluate, through a network of experiments, across the landscape, the nature and extent of growth responses to additional phosphorus. This data was also used to explore some of the critical site and stand variables which determine the variations in productivity and responses to management. The current growth rates of E. pellita are lower than those achieved in A. mangium. The management-legacy effects by conserving site resources provides a sustainable base for the growth of E. pellita, but for further increase in productivity, additional management actions are necessary. Changes in soil pH, carbon, N and extractable P were relatively small after four rotations. Supply of P at planting gave wood volume gains at harvest, ranging from 16 to 66% across sites. The plinthite layer in the soil profile was related to productivity, with higher growth rates of E. pellita occurring when the plinthite was at deeper layers. There is much scope for increasing productivity per unit area in this landscape, and available knowledge can be synthesized into a package of best practices for application. Management should aim to improve the quality of inter-rotation management to ensure more than 90% survival, and fast growth rates during the first 2 years. We provide a framework for further research and for refining management to produce the much needed additional domestic wood supply for the local industry.

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Alternativas de compostaje de aserrín de pino caribe (Pinus caribaea) en la industria maderera Refocosta S.A., municipio de Villanueva, Casanare, Colombia

Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental ◽

10.22490/21456453.916 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mónica Bibiana Sarmiento Oviedo

Keyword(s):

Acacia Mangium ◽

Pinus Caribaea ◽

Eucalyptus Pellita

Debido a la actual acumulación de aserrín, subproducto del proceso del aserrado de la especie Pinus caribaea en la empresa maderera Refocosta S. A., se ensayó el compostaje en tres tratamientos con diferentes fuentes nitrogenadas (urea, lodos industriales de aceite de palma y estiércol bovino) y se comparó con corteza de pino compostada y aserrín expuesto a la intemperie. Para evaluar la posible inhibición de los sustratos, se midió germinación y biomasa fresca en Zea maíz y Acacia mangium. Se trasplantaron plántulas de Pinus caribaea, Eucalyptus pellita y Acacia mangium y a los dos meses se evaluó longitud del tallo, vigor y supervivencia. Se presentaron diferencias entre maíz y Acacia mangium y se observó menor germinación y biomasa en los sustratos aserrín a la intemperie y corteza sin compostar. El vigor y la longitud del tallo fue significativamente mejor en corteza compostada, sustrato actualmente utilizado para la producción de plántulas en el vivero de Refocosta; los sustratos a base de aserrín presentaron deficiencias marcadas (coloraciones rojizas, necrosis y enanismo).

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