Muscle Spindle Composition and Distribution in Human Young Masseter and Biceps Brachii Muscles Reveal Early Growth and Maturation

1. In the oculobrachial illusion, a target light attached to the unseen stationary hand is perceived as moving and changing spatial position when illusory motion of the forearm is elicited by brachial muscle vibration. Our goal was to see whether we could induce apparent motion and displacement of two retinally fixed targets in opposite directions by the use of oculobrachial illusions. 2. We vibrated both biceps brachii, generating illusory movements of the two forearms in opposite directions, and measured any associated changes in perceived distance between target lights on the unseen stationary hands. The stability of visual fixation of one of the targets was also measured. 3. The seen distance between the stationary targets increased significantly when vibration induced an illusory increase in felt distance between the hands, both with binocular and monocular viewing. 4. Subjects maintained fixation accuracy equally well during vibration-induced illusory increases in visual target separation and in a no-vibration control condition. Fixation errors were not correlated with the extent or direction of illusory visual separation. 5. These findings indicate that brachial muscle spindle signals can contribute to an independent representation of felt target location in head-centric coordinates that can be interrelated with a visual representation of target location generated by retinal and oculomotor signals. 6. A model of how these representations are interrelated is proposed, and its relation to other intersensory interactions is discussed.

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Fiber Content and Myosin Heavy Chain Composition of Muscle Spindles in Aged Human Biceps Brachii

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1369/jhc.4a6257.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 445-454 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Jing-Xia Liu ◽

Per-Olof Eriksson ◽

Lars-Eric Thornell ◽

Fatima Pedrosa-Domellöf

Keyword(s):

Myosin Heavy Chain ◽

Muscle Spindle ◽

Heavy Chain ◽

Biceps Brachii ◽

Fiber Type ◽

Muscle Spindles ◽

The Elderly ◽

Age Related ◽

Nuclear Chain ◽

Slow Myhc

The present study investigated potential age-related changes in human muscle spindles with respect to the intrafusal fiber-type content and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition in biceps brachii muscle. The total number of intrafusal fibers per spindle decreased significantly with aging, due to a significant reduction in the number of nuclear chain fibers. Nuclear chain fibers in old spindles were short and some showed novel expression of MyHC α-cardiac. The expression of MyHC α-cardiac in bag1 and bag2 fibers was greatly decreased in the A region. The expression of slow MyHC was increased in nuclear bag1 fibers and that of fetal MyHC decreased in bag2 fibers whereas the patterns of distribution of the remaining MyHC isoforms were generally not affected by aging. We conclude that aging appears to have an important impact on muscle spindle composition. These changes in muscle spindle phenotype may reflect an age-related deterioration in sensory and motor innervation and are likely to have an impact in motor control in the elderly.

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Observations oh Nucleation and Growth of Voids in Nickel

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100069065 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 414-415

Author(s):

J. L. Brimhall ◽

H. E. Kissinger ◽

B. Mastel

Keyword(s):

High Purity ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Early Growth ◽

Nucleation And Growth ◽

Pure Nickel ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Total Fluence ◽

Neutron Exposure ◽

Growth Of Voids

Some information on the size and density of voids that develop in several high purity metals and alloys during irradiation with neutrons at elevated temperatures has been reported as a function of irradiation parameters. An area of particular interest is the nucleation and early growth stage of voids. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the microstructure in high purity nickel after irradiation to a very low but constant neutron exposure at three different temperatures.Annealed specimens of 99-997% pure nickel in the form of foils 75μ thick were irradiated in a capsule to a total fluence of 2.2 × 1019 n/cm2 (E > 1.0 MeV). The capsule consisted of three temperature zones maintained by heaters and monitored by thermocouples at 350, 400, and 450°C, respectively. The temperature was automatically dropped to 60°C while the reactor was down.

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Early growth acceleration in girls with idiopathic precocious puberty

Yearbook of Pediatrics ◽

10.1016/s0084-3954(08)70342-7 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2008 ◽

pp. 117-119

Author(s):

J.A. Stockman

Keyword(s):

Precocious Puberty ◽

Early Growth

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The Impact of Rectification on the Electrically Evoked Long-Latency Reflex of the Biceps Brachii Muscle

Klinische Neurophysiologie ◽

10.1055/s-0033-1337271 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (01) ◽

Author(s):

S Alaid ◽

M Kornhuber

Keyword(s):

Biceps Brachii ◽

Biceps Brachii Muscle ◽

Long Latency ◽

Long Latency Reflex ◽

The Impact

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RELASI ISLAM DAN NASIONALISME DALAM SEJARAH BANGSA INDONESIA

ALQALAM ◽

10.32678/alqalam.v30i3.1062 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 563

Author(s):

Suhaimi Suhaimi

Keyword(s):

Cultural Nationalism ◽

Early Growth ◽

Colonial Period ◽

New Order ◽

Japanese Colonial ◽

Muslim Intellectuals ◽

Colonization Period ◽

The Times ◽

The Relationship ◽

Governance Reforms

In line with the times demand, nationlism changes as a dynamic of dialectics proceeds with changes in social, political, and ekonomic in the country and global levels. Based on a review of historical chronology, this paper analyzed descriptively the relationship between Islam and nationalism in Indonesia. Since the early growth of nationalism and the Dutch colonization period in Indonesia, Islam became the spirit of sacrifice of lives and property of the Indonesian people's fighting to get independence and on the Japanese colonial period and the early days of independence, Islam through the muslim leaders founction as base of departure and developer awareness of nasionalism, patriotism and unity to defend the independence. Despite the authoritarian New Order ruler cope with Islam through the establishment of the Association of Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI), but awareness of national Muslim leaders to build Indonesia managed to push governance reforms. And in this era of reform, the spirit of nationalism and the spirit of sacrifice of the Indonesian leaders increasingly eroded by corruption. Key words: proto-nationalism, political nationalism, cultural nationalism.

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