The Russian Old-Settlers in the Arctic Coast of Eastern Siberia: Family Name Diversity in the Context of Their Origin

The populations of the Arctic Ocean coast in Eastern Siberia (Russia) are represented by a multicultural conglomerate of peoples of different origins: Paleo-Asiatic (Chukchi), Uralic (Yukaghirs), Tungusic (Evenks, Evens), Turkic (Yakuts, Dolgans), and Slavic (Russian explorers), who inhabited this territory during various historical periods. However, among the modern Arctic populations there are still “white spots”, such as people of the small village of “Russkoe Ust’ye”, who still have not been thoroughly studied. The main population consists of so called Russian old-settlers—the Russkoustinians. They traditionally distinguish their lineages into three groups identified by their time of settlement. First are the “Pomors”—who according to their legends are considered as the descendants of the first European colonists of the Age of Discovery, who settled the eastern shores of the Arctic Ocean in the 16th century before the inclusion of this territory in the Russian Empire in the early 17th century. Second are the “Cossacks”—who reached the Arctic during explorations of Siberia. The last are the “Zashiversk”—who arrived after the abolition of their hometown. In order to test these hypotheses, we analyzed modern family name diversity based on information on 62 individuals from 36 questionnaires. The analysis revealed that the “Pomors” lineages were presented in five families (43.5%), the “Cossacks” in one family (6.5%), and the “Zashiversk” in 37.1% of families. This fact indicates a probability that this village was founded by Russian Pomors who arrived there by the Northern Sea Routes before the official East Siberian colonization period.

Ceftazidime-avibactam

Ceftazidime is a 3rd generation cephalosporin active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Avibactam is an inhibitor of class A, C and some class D β-lactamases. The antibacterial spectrum of ceftazidime-avibactam covers 95% of P. aeruginosa isolates and >99% of enterobacteria, including strains carrying extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Selection of resistant mutants in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae strains producing KPC-3 or KPC-2 after exposure to ceftazidime-avibactam has been described by the appearance of one or more amino acid changes in the Ω-loop of the β-lactamase. These strains usually regain susceptibility to meropenem. There is evidence of a shorter multidrug-resistant organisms colonization period in patients treated with this antimicrobial, which could be beneficial in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria carrying ESBLs or carbapenemases.

CRIANÇAS DE ETNIAS CIGANAS NO BRASIL: PROCESSOS DE ESCOLARIZAÇÃO NA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA

Ao longo da história pode-se observar que as etnias ciganas foram tratadas com desapreço em diferentes sociedades. Esse é um dos fatores de as populações de etnias ciganas viverem à margem da sociedade, sem acesso aos direitos básicos como a educação. O objetivo geral desse artigo foi identificar como são realizados os encaminhamentos dos processos escolares para as crianças de etnias ciganas na Educação Básica brasileira. Os objetivos específicos foram: descrever historicamente a cultura das etnias ciganas que residem no Brasil; identificar as políticas públicas de educação no Brasil para as crianças de etnias ciganas; constatar por meio de revisão de literatura se o currículo da Educação Básica do Brasil visibiliza as etnias ciganas. O referencial teórico foi fundamentado nos autores que discutem as Etnias Ciganas: Pinto (2010), Moonen (2011), Durante (2014); e nos autores que fazem a discussão dos Estudos Culturais: Silva (1999) e Hall (2006). A metodologia utilizada foi a revisão de literatura (BIANCHETTI e MACHADO, 2006) através da análise da produção acadêmica do Brasil, que trata dos estudos das crianças de etnias ciganas. Os resultados revelaram que apesar de existirem documentos oficiais brasileiros que garantem o direito a educação para essas crianças, esses não são garantidos. A história mostra que desde o período da colonização no Brasil os ciganos sofrem com a discriminação e o preconceito da sociedade. Quanto aos currículos na educação básica, as crianças de etnias ciganas ainda são invisibilidas no Brasil.Palavras-chave: crianças ciganas; educação básica; estudos culturais.Children of gypsy ethnas in Brazil: schooling processes in basic educationAbstractThroughout history it can be seen that Roma people have been treated with contempt in different societies. This is one of the reasons why Roma people live on the fringes of society without access to basic rights such as education. The general objective of this paper was to identify how school process referrals are carried out for Roma children in Brazilian Basic Education. The specific objectives were: to describe historically the culture of the gypsy ethnic groups residing in Brazil; identify public education policies in Brazil for Roma children; To verify through literature review whether the curriculum of Basic Education in Brazil makes Roma gypsies visible. The theoretical framework was based on the authors who discuss the Roma: Pinto (2010), Moonen (2011), Durante (2014); and in the authors who discuss Cultural Studies: Silva (1999) and Hall (2006). The methodology used was the literature review (BIANCHETTI and MACHADO, 2006) through the analysis of the academic production in Brazil, which deals with the studies of Roma children. The results revealed that although there are official Brazilian documents that guarantee the right to education for these children, they are not guaranteed. History shows that since the colonization period in Brazil Gypsies have suffered from discrimination and prejudice from society. As for curricula in basic education, Roma children are still invisible in Brazil.Keywords: gypsy children; basic education; cultural studies.Hijos de étnas gitanas en Brasil: procesos de escuela en educación básicaResumenA lo largo de la historia se puede ver que los romaníes han sido tratados con desprecio en diferentes sociedades. Esta es una de las razones por las cuales los romaníes viven al margen de la sociedad sin acceso a derechos básicos como la educación. El objetivo general de este documento fue identificar cómo se llevan a cabo las referencias del proceso escolar para los niños romaníes en la educación básica brasileña. Los objetivos específicos fueron: describir históricamente la cultura de los grupos étnicos gitanos que residen en Brasil; identificar políticas públicas de educación en Brasil para niños romaníes; Para verificar a través de la revisión bibliográfica si el plan de estudios de Educación Básica en Brasil hace visibles a los gitanos romaníes. El marco teórico se basó en los autores que discuten sobre los romaníes: Pinto (2010), Moonen (2011), Durante (2014); y en los autores que discuten Estudios Culturales: Silva (1999) y Hall (2006). La metodología utilizada fue la revisión de la literatura (BIANCHETTI y MACHADO, 2006) a través del análisis de la producción académica en Brasil, que se ocupa de los estudios de niños romaníes. Los resultados revelaron que, aunque existen documentos oficiales brasileños que garantizan el derecho a la educación de estos niños, no están garantizados. La historia muestra que desde el período de colonización en Brasil, los gitanos han sufrido discriminación y prejuicios de la sociedad. En cuanto a los planes de estudio en educación básica, los niños romaníes siguen siendo invisibles en Brasil.Palabras clave: niños gitanos; educación básica; estudios culturales.

The distribution of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum causing Fusarium head blight of wheat in relation to climate and cropping system

In the main wheat production area of China (The Huang Huai Plain, HHP), both Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum, the causal agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB), are present. We investigated whether the relative prevalence of F. graminearum and F. asiaticum is related to cropping systems and/or climate factors. A total of 1844 Fusarium isolates were obtained from 103 fields of two cropping systems: maize-wheat and rice-wheat rotations. To maximize the differences in climatic conditions, isolates were sampled from the north and south HHP region. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of EF-1α and Tri101sequences, 1207 of the 1844 isolates belonged to F. graminearum, and the remaining 637 isolates belonged to F. asiaticum. The former was predominant in the northern region: 1022 of the 1078 Fusarium isolates in the north were F. graminearum. The latter was predominant in the southern region: 581 of the 766 Fusarium isolates belonging to F. asiaticum. Analysis based on generalised linear modelling, the relative prevalence of the two species was associated more with climatic conditions than with the cropping system. Fusarium graminearum was associated with drier conditions, cooler conditions during the winter but warmer conditions in the infection and grain-colonization period, and with the maize-wheat rotation. The opposite was true for F. asiaticum. Except 15-ADON, the trichothecene chemotype composition of F. asiaticum differed between the two cropping systems. The 3-ADON was more prevalent in the maize-wheat rotation; whereas NIV more prevalent in the rice-wheat rotation. The results also suggested that environmental conditions in the overwintering period appeared to be more important than that in the infection and grain-colonization and pre-anthesis sporulation periods in affecting the relative prevalence of F. graminearum and F. asiaticum. More research is needed to study the effect of overwintering conditions on subsequent epidemic in the following spring.

The dynamics of cable bacteria colonization in surface sediments: a 2D view

Cable bacteria that are capable of transporting electrons on centimeter scales have been found in a variety of sediment types, where their activity can strongly influence diagenetic reactions and elemental cycling. In this study, the patterns of spatial and temporal colonization of surficial sediment by cable bacteria were revealed in two-dimensions by planar pH and H2S optical sensors for the first time. The characteristic sediment surface pH maximum zones begin to develop from isolated micro-regions and spread horizontally within 5 days, with lateral spreading rates from 0.3 to ~ 1.2 cm day−1. Electrogenic anodic zones in the anoxic sediments are characterized by low pH, and the coupled pH minima also expand with time. H2S heterogeneities in accordance with electrogenic colonization are also observed. Cable bacteria cell abundance in oxic surface sediment (0–0.25 cm) kept almost constant during the colonization period; however, subsurface cell abundance apparently increased as electrogenic activity expanded across the entire surface. Changes in cell abundance are consistent with filament coiling and growth in the anodic zone (i.e., cathodic snorkels). The spreading mechanism for the sediment pH–H2S fingerprints and the cable bacteria abundance dynamics suggest that once favorable microenvironments are established, filamentous cable bacteria aggregate or locally activate electrogenic metabolism. Different development dynamics in otherwise similar sediment suggests that the accessibility of reductant (e.g., dissolved phase sulfide) is critical in controlling the growth of cable bacteria.

A Bayesian networks approach to infer social changes in burials in northeastern Taiwan during the European colonization period

Burials provide valuable information to study social structures based on the assumption that burials and associated grave goods can represent social roles and relations in a society. To study social relationships, network analysis has been increasingly applied to archaeological data to infer interactions and relationships between entities. Statistical approaches to network analysis, such as exponential random graph models (ERGMs), provide a way to test hypotheses about dynamic processes of network formation. However, computational difficulties and sensitivity to uncertainties limit the application of ERGMs. In this paper, we introduce a Bayesian framework on ERGMs that enables an efficient computational process, effective quantification of uncertainty, and robust model evaluation of network properties. We tested a hypothesis of social change relative to the arrival of Europeans by studying burial data from Kiwulan, an Iron Age site in northeastern Taiwan. The results indicate a transition among the burials from network ties based on ritual objects to wealth objects, and a more centralized structure with increased social differentiation after the European presence was established in the 17th century. Our case study demonstrates the effectiveness of Bayesian network analysis for archaeological data, and expands the use of burials in understanding the impacts of colonial presence on Indigenous groups in a pericolonial context.

The Colonization of Grape Bunch Trash by Microorganisms for the Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea as Influenced by Temperature and Humidity

Six commercial biocontrol agents (BCAs: Aureobasidium pullulans, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. amyloliquefaciens plantarum, B. subtilis, Metschnikowia fructicola, or Trichoderma atroviride) were applied to bunch trash that was then incubated at one of five temperatures (T, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) and one of five relative humidity levels (RH, 60, 80, 90, 95, and 100%). After 1 to 13 days of incubation (BCA colonization period), the number of colony forming units (CFUs) was assessed. The colonization of bunch trash in response to T/RH conditions and BCA colonization period differed among the BCAs; the coefficients of variation among the BCAs ranged from 104.6 to 397.7%. Equations were developed that accounted for the combined effects of the T, RH, and BCA colonization period on BCA colonization of bunch trash. Assuming that the equations, which had an R2 > 0.87, correctly predict BCA growth under field conditions, they would help farmers select the BCA to be used for a specific application based on weather conditions at the time of treatment and in the following days. The equations would also help predict how long an early season BCA application remains effective and thereby help farmers decide whether and when a second BCA application may be needed.

Cultural and Technological Characteristics of Russian Forged Iron Tools from the Selkup Cemetery Migalka in the Middle Ob Basin

This study addresses Russian iron artifacts from the Narym Selkup cemetery Migalka, dating to the late 1600s to early 1700s. Two most important categories of tools are described—knives and axes. In terms of morphology, knives fall into two groups: straight-backed and those with convex (“humped”) backs. The combination of a “humpbacked” blade, typical of native manufacture, and Russian hilt plates precludes an unambiguous ethnic attribution. Special attention is paid to knives with fi ligree-enamel hilt plates as markers of high socio-economic status. The garniture evidences northern Russian origin. The metallographic analysis of knives (22% of the sample) revealed two technological groups: made of solid steel and welded. Axes, made by Russian artisans, are of the shaft-hole type and fall into four types. The analysis, relating to 42% of the sample, indicates two techniques: welding of a steel blade onto an iron base or a piece of raw steel, and using irregularly carbonized metal for forging the entire axe. Ferrous metal items follow the Russian technological traditions. Three key factors accounted for the spread of Russian artifacts among the natives: “Tsar’s gift” for paying the yasak (tribute); colonization of Siberia followed by the emergence of trade manufacture; and the involvement of natives, specifi cally the Narym Selkups, in the all-Russian market. Our fi ndings attest to the relevance of iron artifacts from archaeological sites to the historical and cultural studies of the colonization period in western Siberia.

The Quest for Algerian Linguistic Independence

The paper focuses on the eternal conflict between the existing languages in Algeria as a whole, starting from Berber language varieties through Tamazight to Arabic, then French, and the struggling issue in the Algerian linguistic network. It also examines the existing relationship between the patterns of Arabic language in Algeria, since it was considered as a foreign language until 1947, chiefly through, highlighting the relationship between Classical Arabic among Algerian society, and the language policy (Arabization) pursued since wrenching independence and the linguistic repercussions of the colonization period on Algerian Arabic. In this respect, among other findings, a foremost issue raised to highlight such a critical phenomenon; and that later leads to question the different realities between the Algerian National Constitution and daily practices among users. In other words, the new generation speakers face a natural barrier communicating with post-independence schooled generation. In this sense, the former represents the 'Arabization' policy pursued in Algeria; whereas, the latter is 'francophone,' considering the linguistic as well as the sociolinguistic repercussions that might outcome such contact in a country famed by the use of French among its diplomats as a language of instruction and discourse, whether as a formal discourse or informal speech. The research methodology is based on early retrospect works to denote such cross- conflicting status raised as a significant issue. Finally, the study recommended a siné- qua- non question which is, when will Algerians put an end to the different linguistic situations inherited after gaining their political independence in 1962?