scholarly journals Structure and Function in the Lunge Feeding Apparatus: Mechanical Properties of the Fin Whale Mandible

2017 ◽  
Vol 300 (11) ◽  
pp. 1953-1962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Shadwick ◽  
Jeremy A. Goldbogen ◽  
Nicholas D. Pyenson ◽  
James C.A. Whale
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Feeding Apparatus ◽  
Fin Whale ◽  
And Function ◽  
Lunge Feeding

scholarly journals Structure, Assembly and Function of Cuticle from Mechanical Perspective with Special Focus on Perianth

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4160
Author(s):  
Joanna Skrzydeł ◽  
Dorota Borowska-Wykręt ◽  
Dorota Kwiatkowska
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Continuous Layer ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Structure Assembly

This review is devoted to the structure, assembly and function of cuticle. The topics are discussed from the mechanical perspective and whenever the data are available a special attention is paid to the cuticle of perianth organs, i.e., sepals, petals or tepals. The cuticle covering these organs is special in both its structure and function and some of these peculiarities are related to the cuticle mechanics. In particular, strengthening of the perianth surface is often provided by a folded cuticle that functionally resembles profiled plates, while on the surface of the petal epidermis of some plants, the cuticle is the only integral continuous layer. The perianth cuticle is distinguished also by those aspects of its mechanics and development that need further studies. In particular, more investigations are needed to explain the formation and maintenance of cuticle folding, which is typical for the perianth epidermis, and also to elucidate the mechanical properties and behavior of the perianth cuticle in situ. Gaps in our knowledge are partly due to technical problems caused by very small thicknesses of the perianth cuticle but modern tools may help to overcome these obstacles.

scholarly journals Decellularized tracheal scaffolds in tracheal reconstruction: An evaluation of different techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 228080002110649
Author(s):  
Chenyang Lei ◽  
Sheng Mei ◽  
Chun Zhou ◽  
Chen Xia
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Natural Structure ◽  
Tracheal Reconstruction ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

In humans, the trachea is a conduit for ventilation connecting the throat and lungs. However, certain congenital or acquired diseases may cause long-term tracheal defects that require replacement. Tissue engineering is considered a promising method to reconstruct long-segment tracheal lesions and restore the structure and function of the trachea. Decellularization technology retains the natural structure of the trachea, has good biocompatibility and mechanical properties, and is currently a hotspot in tissue engineering studies. This article lists various recent representative protocols for the generation of decellularized tracheal scaffolds (DTSs), as well as their validity and limitations. Based on the advancements in decellularization methods, we discussed the impact and importance of mechanical properties, revascularization, recellularization, and biocompatibility in the production and implantation of DTS. This review provides a basis for future research on DTS and its application in clinical therapy.

scholarly journals Corneal cross-linking methods and outcomes: A review

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanne Lee Nicholas ◽  
Wayne D.H. Gillian
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Ocular Structure ◽  
Corneal Structure ◽  
And Function

The prevalence of corneal ectasias such as keratoconus has been widely documented. Keratoconus may lead to detrimental changes in visual acuity, which can often be corrected in the early stages but requires more invasive treatment as the condition progresses. Corneal cross-linking has become a treatment method of choice in early keratoconic patients and is used to stabilise the condition and prevent further progression of the disease. The principle behind this procedure is the creation of additional bonds within the corneal structure in order to enhance its mechanical properties and thereafter halt the progression of the condition. There are disagreements within the literature as to how these procedures can be performed, and there are various alternative methods. It can be concluded that corneal cross-linking is an effective treatment method for keratoconus and has been shown to produce various beneficial effects in terms of ocular structure and function.

Experimental and numerical investigation of polymethyl methacrylate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-594
Author(s):  
Masoud Shirzad ◽  
Alireza Matbouei ◽  
Alireza Fathi ◽  
Sayed Mahmood Rabiee
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Gradient Structure ◽  
Scaffold Fabrication ◽  
New Methods ◽  
And Function ◽  
Interconnected Pores

A controversial issue in tissue engineering is the development of new methods to fabricate scaffolds that precisely imitate the structure and function of the extracellular matrix. The objective of this study is to propose a new method in scaffold fabrication and investigate the effects of pore topology, particularly gradient structure, on the mechanical properties of the scaffolds. In this regard, poly(methyl methacrylate) sheets constructing the scaffold's substructures were cut by laser and then stacked on each other. Experimental and numerical methods were utilized to evaluate the mechanical properties of the square and circular scaffolds. The results demonstrate that this method has the ability to fabricate interconnected pores with the controllability on their design. It can also give accurate mechanical properties, especially gradient structure eliminating the weaknesses of simple structures. Moreover, a comparison between the scaffolds showed that opting an appropriate structure can lead to a higher porosity with preferable mechanical properties.

Comparison of elastic properties and contractile responses of isolated airway segments from mature and immature rabbits

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ramchandani ◽  
X. Shen ◽  
S. J. Gunst ◽  
R. S. Tepper
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Airway Narrowing ◽  
Lower Shear ◽  
And Function ◽  
Immature Lung

Immature rabbits have greater maximal airway narrowing with bronchoconstriction in vivo compared with mature animals. As isolated immature lungs have a lower shear modulus, it is unclear whether the greater airway narrowing in the immature lung is secondary to less tethering between the airways and the lung parenchyma or to differences in the mechanical properties of the mature and immature airways. In the present study, we compared the mechanical properties of fluid-filled, isolated, intraparenchymal airway segments of the same generation from mature and immature rabbits. Stimulation with ACh resulted in greater airway narrowing in immature than mature bronchi. The immature bronchi were more compliant, had a lower resting airway volume, and were more collapsible compared with the mature bronchi. When the airways were contracted with ACh under isovolume conditions, the immature bronchi generated greater active pressure, and they were more sensitive to ACh than were mature bronchi. Our results suggest that maturational differences in the structure and function of the airways in the absence of the lung parenchyma can account for the greater maximal narrowing of immature than mature airways in vivo.

scholarly journals THE FINE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE TENTACLE IN TOKOPHRYA INFUSIONUM

1965 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Rudzinska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feeding Apparatus ◽  
Dense Bodies ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Feeding Process ◽  
Fine Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

The feeding apparatus of Suctoria consists of long, thin, stiff tubes called tentacles. When a swimming prey attaches to the tip of the tentacle a number of events follow in rapid succession. The tentacle broadens, a stream of tiny granules starts to move upward at its periphery to the tip, the prey becomes immobilized and shortly thereafter the cytoplasm of the still living prey begins to flow through the center of the tentacle to the body of the predator. An electron microscope study of the tentacle in Tokophrya infusionum, a protozoan of the subclass Suctoria, has disclosed a number of structural details which help to clarify some of the mechanisms involved in this unusual way of feeding. Each tentacle is composed of two concentric tubes. The lumen of the inner tube is surrounded by 49 tubular fibrils most probably of contractile nature. In the inner tube the cytoplasm of the prey is present during feeding, and in the outer tube are small dense bodies. It was found that the dense bodies originate in the cytoplasm of Tokophrya. They have an elongate, missile-like appearance, pointed at one end, rounded at the other, and are composed of several distinct segments. At the tip of the tentacle they penetrate the plasma membrane, with their pointed ends sticking out. It is assumed that the missile-like bodies play a major role in the feeding process. Their composite structure suggests that they might contain a number of enzymes which most probably are responsible for the various events preceding the actual food intake.

scholarly journals Raman Spectroscopy of Soft Musculoskeletal Tissues

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 1203-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Esmonde-White
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Basic Science ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Musculoskeletal Tissues ◽  
Nonlinear Mechanical ◽  
And Function ◽  
Daily Function

Tendon, ligament, and joint tissues are important in maintaining daily function. They can be affected by disease, age, and injury. Slow tissue turnover, hierarchical structure and function, and nonlinear mechanical properties present challenges to diagnosing and treating soft musculoskeletal tissues. Understanding these tissues in health, disease, and injury is important to improving pharmacologic and surgical repair outcomes. Raman spectroscopy is an important tool in the examination of soft musculoskeletal tissues. This article highlights exciting basic science and clinical/translational Raman studies of cartilage, tendon, and ligament.

scholarly journals Structural and functional studies of erythrocyte membrane-skeleton by single-cell and single-molecule techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 1830004
Author(s):  
Fulin Xing ◽  
Fen Hu ◽  
Jianyu Yang ◽  
Leiting Pan ◽  
Jingjun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Erythrocyte Membrane ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Membrane Skeleton ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Extrusion Force ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
And Function

As the indispensable oxygen-transporting cells, erythrocytes exhibit extreme deformability and amazing stability as they are subject to huge reversible shear stress and extrusion force during massive circulation in the body. The unique architecture of spectrin-actin-based membrane-skeleton is considered to be responsible for such excellent mechanical properties of erythrocytes. Although erythrocytes have been recognized for more than 300 years, myriad questions about membrane-skeleton constantly attract people’s attention. Here, we summarize the kinds of distinctive single-cell and single-molecule techniques that were used to investigate the structure and function of erythrocyte membrane-skeleton at macro and micro levels.

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