Tracing species replacement in Iberian marbled newts

The article is written in line with current research, since the problem of studying Ukrainian realities is of unquestionable interest for several reasons. First, understanding the realities will promote bettermutual understanding of different peoples; and secondly, the definition of optimal means of translating the realities is a definite contribution to the general theory of translation. Different types of real-world classifications are proposed, the difficulties associated with the adequate transfer into the translated text of an entire array of cultural information encoded in the realities contained in the origina text are investigated. Basing on the analysis of numerous translations of literary works, Ukrainian researchers (R. Zorivchak, V. Koptilov, O. Kundzich, O. Cherednichenko, etc.) show ways to overcome linguistic obstacles caused by cultural differences. But, as far as we know, the problem of the translation of Ukrainian realities in the works of T. Shevchenko is not yet exhaustively highlighted. The purpose of this article is to analyze the peculiarities of the use of realities in the work of Taras Shevchenko "Katerina" and their translation into English. We have given an ideographic classification of lexical units - Ukrainian realities in fiction and analyzed such means of their translation as calque, renomination, transcription with explanation, the introduction of neologism, the principle of generic-species replacement, which allows conveying (approximately) the content of the realities by a broader, general meaning, that is, the reception of generalization. The results of our analysis allow us to make an ideographic classification of Ukrainian realities that are used in fiction, as well as to summarize the prevalence of their means of translation. Prospects for further research are seen in the analysis of certain translation failures in the translation of realities and to offer the best options for their translation.

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Demersal fish biomass size spectra on the Scotian Shelf, Canada: species replacement at the shelfwide scale

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f97-077 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 54 (8) ◽

pp. 1725-1735 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

D E Duplisea ◽

S R Kerr ◽

L M Dickie

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Body Weight ◽

Energy Input ◽

Demersal Fish ◽

Species Group ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Species Replacement ◽

Scotian Shelf ◽

Size Spectra ◽

Species Groups

Three parameters were derived from annual biomass size spectra constructed for a 22-year time series of demersal fish data for the entire Scotian Shelf: (i) total sampled biomass density, (ii) modal body weight, and (iii) the shape of the various biomass size spectra. Temporal variability of these parameters was compared among six species groups and between the species groups and their total. Species-group biomass varied more over the time series than did the total biomass, indicating the presence of a system factor. Conversely, modal body weight was as variable, and sometimes more variable, for the total than it was within species groups, indicating variability mainly at the species level. The shape of the biomass size spectrum showed annual differences in variability owing mainly to contributions of species groups. This variability was higher than variability in the combined species totals. We conclude that total biomass is limited at the combined species (systemwide) level because it depends on energy input to the system. Variability is greater at the species group (subsystem) level because the multiage species-group biomasses do not equally reflect a given energy limitation. Neither modal body weight nor the shape of the biomass spectrum is sensitive to the degree of taxonomic aggregation, suggesting that both measures are independent of energy input (primary production). We found no evidence of consistent species replacement trends on the shelfwide scale and conclude that diffuse replacement best describes species succession on the Scotian Shelf as a whole.

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Effect of Herbivory and Plant Species Replacement on Primary Production

The American Naturalist ◽

10.1086/303360 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 155 (6) ◽

pp. 735-754 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Claire de Mazancourt ◽

Michel Loreau

Keyword(s):

Primary Production ◽

Plant Species ◽

Species Replacement

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Boarding abilities of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus and B. xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) on Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854103773040745 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 843-849 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Shota Jikumaru ◽

Katsumi Togashi

Keyword(s):

Pine Wilt Disease ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽

Insect Vector ◽

Species Replacement ◽

Monochamus Alternatus ◽

Bursaphelenchus Mucronatus ◽

Initial Load ◽

Pine Trees ◽

The Difference

Abstract Bursaphelenchus mucronatus is closely related to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease. Both nematodes are transmitted between host pine trees as the fourth-stage dispersal juveniles (JIV) by insect vectors. After the invasion of Japan by B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus, native to Japan, appears to have been replaced in the pine forests during the spread of the disease. To help understand this species replacement, the number of JIV carried by an insect vector (the initial nematode load) was compared between the two nematode species by using the beetle, Monochamus alternatus, in the laboratory. The initial load of B. mucronatus was significantly smaller than that of B. xylophilus although the number of third-stage dispersal juveniles (JIII) concentrated at the pupal chambers did not differ. Statistical analysis showed that the proportion of JIII moulting to JIV was the most important among three components explaining the difference in the initial load of B. mucronatus while the number of JIII concentrated at the pupal chamber was the most important for B. xylophilus. The phoretic affinity between the nematode and its vector is discussed in relation to its role in the species replacement.

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Nutrient cycling in a mixed-species plantation of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x05-214 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 35 (12) ◽

pp. 2942-2950 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

David I Forrester ◽

Jürgen Bauhus ◽

Annette L Cowie

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Cycling ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Eucalyptus Globulus ◽

N Availability ◽

Species Replacement ◽

Mixed Species ◽

Acacia Mearnsii ◽

Replacement Series ◽

Silvicultural System

A doubling of aboveground biomass production has been observed in mixtures of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Acacia mearnsii de Wildeman when compared with monocultures after 11 years of growth. This study examined to what extent increased nitrogen (N) availability and accelerated rates of nutrient cycling may contribute to increased growth in mixtures. Monocultures of E. globulus (E) and A. mearnsii (A) and mixtures of these species were planted in a species replacement series: 100% E, 75% E + 25% A, 50% E + 50% A, 25% E + 75% A, and 100% A. Litterfall mass increased with aboveground biomass production and was highest in 50:50 mixtures and lowest in monocultures. Owing to higher N concentrations of A. mearnsii litter, N contents of annual litterfall were at least twice as high in stands containing A. mearnsii (32-49 kg·ha1·year1) as in E. globulus monocultures (14 kg·ha1·year1). Stands with A. mearnsii also cycled higher quantities of phosphorus (P) in annual litterfall than E. globulus monocultures. This study demonstrated that mixing A. mearnsii with E. globulus increased the quantity and rates of N and P cycled through aboveground litterfall when compared with E. globulus monocultures. Thus, mixed-species plantations appear to be a useful silvicultural system to improve nutrition of eucalypts without fertilization.

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