scholarly journals The Fate of Sediment After a Large Earthquake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Richard Francis ◽  
Xuanmei Fan ◽  
Tristram Charles Hales ◽  
Daniel Edward James Hobley ◽  
qiang xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Earthquake

scholarly journals Real-time automatic uncertainty estimation of coseismic single rectangular fault model using GNSS data

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keitaro Ohno ◽  
Yusaku Ohta ◽  
Satoshi Kawamoto ◽  
Satoshi Abe ◽  
Ryota Hino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Order Approximation ◽  
Nonlinear Problems ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Fault Model ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Plate Interface

AbstractRapid estimation of the coseismic fault model for medium-to-large-sized earthquakes is key for disaster response. To estimate the coseismic fault model for large earthquakes, the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan and Tohoku University have jointly developed a real-time GEONET analysis system for rapid deformation monitoring (REGARD). REGARD can estimate the single rectangular fault model and slip distribution along the assumed plate interface. The single rectangular fault model is useful as a first-order approximation of a medium-to-large earthquake. However, in its estimation, it is difficult to obtain accurate results for model parameters due to the strong effect of initial values. To solve this problem, this study proposes a new method to estimate the coseismic fault model and model uncertainties in real time based on the Bayesian inversion approach using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. The MCMC approach is computationally expensive and hyperparameters should be defined in advance via trial and error. The sampling efficiency was improved using a parallel tempering method, and an automatic definition method for hyperparameters was developed for real-time use. The calculation time was within 30 s for 1 × 106 samples using a typical single LINUX server, which can implement real-time analysis, similar to REGARD. The reliability of the developed method was evaluated using data from recent earthquakes (2016 Kumamoto and 2019 Yamagata-Oki earthquakes). Simulations of the earthquakes in the Sea of Japan were also conducted exhaustively. The results showed an advantage over the maximum likelihood approach with a priori information, which has initial value dependence in nonlinear problems. In terms of application to data with a small signal-to-noise ratio, the results suggest the possibility of using several conjugate fault models. There is a tradeoff between the fault area and slip amount, especially for offshore earthquakes, which means that quantification of the uncertainty enables us to evaluate the reliability of the fault model estimation results in real time.

scholarly journals Stress relaxation arrested the mainshock rupture of the 2016 Central Tottori earthquake

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihisa Iio ◽  
Satoshi Matsumoto ◽  
Yusuke Yamashita ◽  
Shin’ichi Sakai ◽  
Kazuhide Tomisaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Focal Mechanism ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Static Stress ◽  
Focal Mechanism Solutions ◽  
Large Earthquakes

AbstractAfter a large earthquake, many small earthquakes, called aftershocks, ensue. Additional large earthquakes typically do not occur, despite the fact that the large static stress near the edges of the fault is expected to trigger further large earthquakes at these locations. Here we analyse ~10,000 highly accurate focal mechanism solutions of aftershocks of the 2016 Mw 6.2 Central Tottori earthquake in Japan. We determine the location of the horizontal edges of the mainshock fault relative to the aftershock hypocentres, with an accuracy of approximately 200 m. We find that aftershocks rarely occur near the horizontal edges and extensions of the fault. We propose that the mainshock rupture was arrested within areas characterised by substantial stress relaxation prior to the main earthquake. This stress relaxation along fault edges could explain why mainshocks are rarely followed by further large earthquakes.

scholarly journals Application of energy dissipation and damping structure in the reinforcement of shear wall in concrete engineering

Open Physics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 631-641
Author(s):  
Shujuan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Shear Wall ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Steel Technology ◽  
Dissipation Structure ◽  
Shear Damping ◽  
Better Than

AbstractIn view of the problem of large earthquake displacement in the use of the original concrete engineering shear wall reinforcement method, the energy dissipation and damping structure is used to design the energy dissipation and damping structure reinforcement method in the concrete engineering shear wall. According to the design process of the set method, the anti-vibration coefficient of the concrete shear wall is tested. The energy dissipation structure is used to construct a shear damping wall, and the damper is added to the original shear wall. The concrete shear wall is strengthened by sticking steel technology. So far, the design of shear wall reinforcement method based on the energy dissipation structure has been completed. Compared with the original method, the displacement distance of this method is lower than that of the original method. In conclusion, the effect of shear wall reinforcement method based on the energy dissipation structure is better than that of the original method.

scholarly journals From coseismic offsets to fault-block mountains

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (37) ◽  
pp. 9820-9825 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Thompson ◽  
Tom Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Coseismic Deformation ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Normal Faulting ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
Fault Block

In the Basin and Range extensional province of the western United States, coseismic offsets, under the influence of gravity, display predominantly subsidence of the basin side (fault hanging wall), with comparatively little or no uplift of the mountainside (fault footwall). A few decades later, geodetic measurements [GPS and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)] show broad (∼100 km) aseismic uplift symmetrically spanning the fault zone. Finally, after millions of years and hundreds of fault offsets, the mountain blocks display large uplift and tilting over a breadth of only about 10 km. These sparse but robust observations pose a problem in that the coesismic uplifts of the footwall are small and inadequate to raise the mountain blocks. To address this paradox we develop finite-element models subjected to extensional and gravitational forces to study time-varying deformation associated with normal faulting. Stretching the model under gravity demonstrates that asymmetric slip via collapse of the hanging wall is a natural consequence of coseismic deformation. Focused flow in the upper mantle imposed by deformation of the lower crust localizes uplift, which is predicted to take place within one to two decades after each large earthquake. Thus, the best-preserved topographic signature of earthquakes is expected to occur early in the postseismic period.

scholarly journals Critical analysis of the electrostatic turbulence enhancements observed by DEMETER over the Sichuan region during the earthquake preparation

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Onishi ◽  
J.-J. Berthelier ◽  
M. Kamogawa
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Study ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Plasma Waves ◽  
Magnetic Activity ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Wave Disturbances ◽  
Demeter Satellite ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Sichuan Region ◽  
Initial Results

Abstract. In this paper, we report initial results from a detailed statistical study of the plasma waves observed by the DEMETER satellite over the Sichuan region during a period of 20 days encompassing the large earthquake of magnitude M =7.9 that occurred on 12 May 2008. The main objective of this paper is to present a statistical method to process and analyze plasma wave data and assist in detecting possible earthquake precursors among larger irregular disturbances arising from the natural variability of the ionized environment of the Earth. This method, presently used for dayside observations, involves two stages. First, VLF wave spectra are processed to recognize the various types of plasma waves usually observed at mid and low latitudes and derive a reduced number of parameters that fully characterize these emissions and may be conveniently used for a detailed statistical study. In a second stage, we perform a statistical analysis of the results by taking into account two "reference zones" displaced respectively 30° eastward and westward from the "epicentre zone". Plasma and wave disturbances possibly induced by earthquakes in preparation are likely to maximize close to the "epicentre zone", while natural disturbances associated, in particular, with the varying magnetic activity are rather uniform over a wider longitude sector, thus enabling the use of observations over the reference zones as a base line. The initial results of this study show a deviation of the power spectrum of electrostatic turbulence in the epicentre zone about 6 days prior to the earthquake but no significant anomalous variations can be observed on other characteristics of plasma waves. From the analysis of the data over the two reference~zones and using recently produced sector magnetic activity indices, we conclude that the enhancement of electrostatic turbulence is associated with magnetospheric processes rather than with pre-seismic activity.

scholarly journals Structure-controlled asperities of the 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 and 1927 Gulang M8 earthquakes, NE Tibet, China, revealed by high-resolution seismic tomography

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Sun ◽  
Shunping Pei ◽  
Zhongxiong Cui ◽  
Yongshun John Chen ◽  
Yanbing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Seismic Tomography ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Tectonic Stress ◽  
Double Difference ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Large Earthquakes

AbstractDetailed crustal structure of large earthquake source regions is of great significance for understanding the earthquake generation mechanism. Numerous large earthquakes have occurred in the NE Tibetan Plateau, including the 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 and 1927 Gulang M8 earthquakes. In this paper, we obtained a high-resolution three-dimensional crustal velocity model around the source regions of these two large earthquakes using an improved double-difference seismic tomography method. High-velocity anomalies encompassing the seismogenic faults are observed to extend to depths of 15 km, suggesting the asperity (high-velocity area) plays an important role in the preparation process of large earthquakes. Asperities are strong in mechanical strength and could accumulate tectonic stress more easily in long frictional locking periods, large earthquakes are therefore prone to generate in these areas. If the close relationship between the aperity and high-velocity bodies is valid for most of the large earthquakes, it can be used to predict potential large earthquakes and estimate the seismogenic capability of faults in light of structure studies.

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