I. LIFE HISTORY FEATURES OF THREE SEXUAL MORPHS OF ATRIPLEX CANESCENS (CHENOPODIACEAE) CLONES GROWN IN A COMMON GARDEN

1992 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 376-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton K. Pendleton ◽  
D. Carl Freeman ◽  
E. Durant McArthur ◽  
Rosemary L. Pendleton
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Atriplex Canescens

scholarly journals Intraspecific phenotypic variation in life history traits ofDaphnia galeatapopulations in response to fish kairomones

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Tams ◽  
Jennifer Lüneburg ◽  
Laura Seddar ◽  
Jan-Phillip Detampel ◽  
Mathilde Cordellier
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Fish Kairomones ◽  
Geometric Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Clonal Lines

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to produce different phenotypes depending on the environment. It has an influence on the adaptive potential to environmental change and the capability to adapt locally. Adaptation to environmental change happens at the population level, thereby contributing to genotypic and phenotypic variation within a species. Predation is an important ecological factor structuring communities and maintaining species diversity. Prey developed different strategies to reduce their vulnerability to predators by changing their behaviour, their morphology or their life history. Predator-induced life history responses inDaphniahave been investigated for decades, but intra-and inter-population variability was rarely addressed explicitly. We addressed this issue by conducting a common garden experiment with 24 clonal lines of EuropeanDaphnia galeataoriginating from four populations, each represented by six clonal lines. We recorded life history traits in the absence and presence of fish kairomones. Additionally, we looked at the shape of experimental individuals by conducting a geometric morphometric analysis, thus assessing predator-induced morphometric changes. Our data revealed high intraspecific phenotypic variation within and between fourD. galeatapopulations, the potential to locally adapt to a vertebrate predator regime as well as an effect of the fish kairomones on morphology ofD. galeata.

Divergence in Life-History and Developmental Traits in Silvery-Thread Moss (Bryum argenteum Hedw.) Genotypes between Golf Course Putting Greens and Native Habitats

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 642-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zane Raudenbush ◽  
Joshua L. Greenwood ◽  
D. Nicholas McLetchie ◽  
Sarah M. Eppley ◽  
Steven J. Keeley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Inorganic Nutrients ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Bryum Argenteum ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Native Habitats

AbstractSilvery-Thread Moss (Bryum argenteum Hedw.) is an undesirable invader of golf course putting greens across North America, establishing colonies and proliferating despite practices to suppress it. The goal was to grow genotypes of green (growing in putting greens) and native (growing in habitats outside of putting greens) B. argenteum in a common garden experiment, allowing an experimental test of life-history traits between genotypes from these two habitats. Seventeen collections of green and 17 collections of native B. argenteum were cloned to single genotypes and raised through a minimum of two asexual generations in the lab. A culture of each genotype was initiated using a single detached shoot apex and was allowed to grow for 6 mo under conditions of inorganic nutrients present and absent. Compared with genotypes from native habitats, genotypes of B. argenteum from putting greens exhibited earlier shoot regeneration and shoot induction, faster protonemal extension, longer (higher) shoots, lower production of gemmae and bulbils, and greater aerial rhizoid cover, and showed similar tendencies of chlorophyll fluorescence properties and chlorophyll content. Cultures receiving no inorganic nutrients produced less chlorophyll content, greatly reduced growth, and bleaching of shoots. Mosses from putting greens establish more quickly, grow faster, produce more abundant rhizoids, and yet do not produce as many specialized asexual propagules compared with mosses of the same species from native habitats. The highly managed putting green environment has either selected for a suite of traits that allow the moss to effectively compete with grasses, or genotypic diversity is very high in this species, allowing a set of specialized genotypes to colonize the putting green from native habitats. Successful golf course weeds have been able to adapt to this highly competitive environment by selection acting on traits or genotypes to produce plants more successful in competing with golf course grasses.

scholarly journals Rapid and Repeated Local Adaptation to Climate in an Invasive Plant

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotte A. van Boheemen ◽  
Daniel Z. Atwater ◽  
Kathryn A. Hodgins
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
List Type ◽  
Invasion History ◽  
Trait Divergence ◽  
Climate Niche

SUMMARYBiological invasions provide opportunities to study evolutionary processes occurring over contemporary timescales. To explore the speed and repeatability of adaptation, we examined the divergence of life-history traits to climate, using latitude as a proxy, in the native North American and introduced European and Australian ranges of the annual plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia.We explored niche changes following introductions using climate niche dynamic models. In a common garden, we examined trait divergence by growing seeds collected across three ranges with highly distinct demographic histories. Heterozygosity-fitness associations were used to explore the effect of invasion history on potential success. We accounted for non-adaptive population differentiation using 11,598 SNPs.We revealed a centroid shift to warmer, wetter climates in the introduced ranges. We identified repeated latitudinal divergence in life-history traits, with European and Australian populations positioned at either end of the native clines.Our data indicate rapid and repeated adaptation to local climates despite the recent introductions and a bottleneck limiting genetic variation in Australia. Centroid shifts in the introduced ranges suggest adaptation to more productive environments, potentially contributing to trait divergence between the ranges.

Life history evolution in heterogeneous environments: a review of theory

1996 ◽  
Vol 351 (1345) ◽  
pp. 1349-1359 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Fitness Measures ◽  
History Evolution ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Analysis of life history evolution in spatially heterogeneous environments was revolutionized by the demonstration by Kawecki & Stearns (1993) and Houston & McNamara (1992) that earlier treatments had used incorrect fitness measures. The implications of this for the analysis of organisms with and without phenotypic plasticity are reviewed. It is shown that analyses ignoring age structure can give misleading results. The plausibility and implications of the assumptions are discussed, and suggestions are made for further work. The usefulness of reciprocal transplant and common garden experiments, in providing information relevant to the assumptions and predictions, is emphasized. Two simulation studies show that life history evolution in temporally heterogeneous environments in which trade-offs are fixed are well predicted by Schaffer’s (1974) model, with modification for asymmetric variations as necessary. Unfortunately the period of study needed to observe such effects is so long as to preclude experimental tests for most organsims.

Concordant estimates of countergradient growth variation in striped bass (Morone saxatilis) using comparative life-history data

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1261-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Rypel
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Striped Bass ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Morone Saxatilis ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
History Data ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
Common Garden Experiments ◽  
Size At Age

Latitudinal growth compensation (i.e., countergradient growth) is increasingly suspected to be pervasive across diverse taxa. However, a major challenge limiting wider exploration of this topic lies in the difficulty of quantifying these relationships. Common garden experiments, and ideally genetics, remain the only true methods for understanding the genetic basis for compensatory growth. However, previous research suggests that comparative life-history data might produce concomitant, albeit nonconfirmatory, results on countergradient growth variations. However, there have been no evaluations of the precision of such estimates against those that are experimentally derived. I examined countergradient growth variations using comparative size-at-age data for striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ), a species for which experiments have already quantified countergradient growth patterns, and compared results derived from both techniques. The slope of the growth–latitude relationship for striped bass in eastern North America as measured with comparative data was virtually identical to that produced from experiments. Furthermore, comparative estimates of countergradient growth variations developed using a variety of metrics produced highly concordant results with one another. Comparative life-history data are not a replacement for experiments, but do provide valuable information on countergradient growth variations, especially for species and hypotheses not amenable to experimentation.

scholarly journals Life history evolution and phenotypic plasticity in parasitic eyebrights (Euphrasia, Orobanchaceae)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex D. Twyford ◽  
Natacha Frachon ◽  
Edgar L. Y. Wong ◽  
Chris Metherell ◽  
Max R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Host Quality

ABSTRACTPremise of the studyParasite lifetime reproductive success is determined by both genetic variation and phenotypically plastic life history traits that respond to host quality and external environment. Here, we use the generalist parasitic plant genus Euphrasia to investigate life history trait variation, in particular whether there is a trade-off between growth and reproduction, and how life history traits are affected by host quality.MethodsWe perform a common garden experiment to evaluate life history trait differences between eleven Euphrasia taxa grown on a common host, document phenotypic plasticity when a single Euphrasia species is grown on eight different hosts, and relate our observations to trait differences recorded in the wild.Key resultsEuphrasia exhibit a range of life history strategies that differ between species that transition rapidly to flower at the expense of early season growth, and those that invest in vegetative growth and delay flowering. Many life history traits show extensive phenotypic plasticity in response to host quality and demonstrate the costs of attaching to a low-quality host.ConclusionsCommon garden experiments reveal trait differences between taxonomically complex Euphrasia species that are characterised by postglacial speciation and hybridisation. Our experiments suggest life history strategies in this generalist parasitic plant genus are the product of natural selection on traits related to growth and flowering. However, host quality may be a primary determinant of lifetime reproductive success.

scholarly journals The evolution of growth rates on an expanding range edge

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 802-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben L. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Invasion Front ◽  
Range Edge ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

Individuals in the vanguard of a species invasion face altered selective conditions when compared with conspecifics behind the invasion front. Assortment by dispersal ability on the expanding front, for example, drives the evolution of increased dispersal, which, in turn, leads to accelerated rates of invasion. Here I propose an additional evolutionary mechanism to explain accelerating invasions: shifts in population growth rate ( r ). Because individuals in the vanguard face lower population density than those in established populations, they should (relative to individuals in established populations) experience greater r -selection. To test this possibility, I used the ongoing invasion of cane toads ( Bufo marinus ) across northern Australia. Life-history theory shows that the most efficient way to increase the rate of population growth is to reproduce earlier. Thus, I predict that toads on the invasion front will exhibit faster individual growth rates (and thus will reach breeding size earlier) than those from older populations. Using a common garden design, I show that this is indeed the case: both tadpoles and juvenile toads from frontal populations grow around 30 per cent faster than those from older, long established populations. These results support theoretical predictions that r increases during range advance and highlight the importance of understanding the evolution of life history during range advance.

Genetic variation in plasticity of life-history traits between Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) populations exposed to contrasting thermal regimes

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah A. Oomen ◽  
Jeffrey A. Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Life History ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Environments ◽  
Thermal Regimes

We employed common-garden experiments to test for genetic variation in responses of larval life-history traits to temperature between two populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L., 1758) that naturally experience contrasting thermal environments during early life due to spatial and temporal differences in spawning. Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence cod larvae experienced faster growth in warmer water and low, uniform survival across all experimental temperatures (3, 7, 11 °C), consistent with previous studies on this spring-spawning population. In contrast, larvae from fall-spawning Southwestern Scotian Shelf cod collected near Sambro, Nova Scotia, lacked plasticity for growth but experienced much lower survival at higher temperatures. Phenotypes that are positively associated with fitness were observed at temperatures closest to those experienced in the wild, consistent with the hypothesis that these populations are adapted to local thermal regimes. The lack of growth plasticity observed in Sambro cod might be due to costly maintenance of plasticity in stable environments or energy savings at cold temperatures. However, additional experiments need to be conducted on Sambro cod and other fall-spawning marine fishes to determine to what extent responses to projected changes in climate will differ among populations.

scholarly journals A new variety of Montia parvifolia (Montiaceae) in the high Idaho Batholith of central Idaho and adjacent Montana

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Barbara Ertter ◽  
Carol Prentice ◽  
Donald H. Mansfield ◽  
Joshua Kabins ◽  
Grahm M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Taxonomic Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Elevations ◽  
Central Idaho

Montia parvifolia (Moc. ex DC.) Greene var. batholithica Ertter & C.A.M. Prent. (Montiaceae) is described as a new variety from high elevations (2100–2800 m) in central Idaho and adjacent Montana, based on an overview of variation within the species using a combination of standard taxonomic analysis of herbarium specimens, morphometric analysis, fieldwork, and common garden studies. Taxonomic history of the species is summarized, morphology and life history are clarified, and variation elsewhere in the species is also briefly addressed.

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