Marine Collision Avoidance: Human Factor Considerations for the Development and Operation of an Effective Merchant Marine Radar

Civil Marine Radar (CMR) is now a mature instrument of some 50 years steady development. Following a short history, more to provide benchmarks of achievement than to satisfy historians, this paper examines what will drive the future development of CMR. The answer may not follow recent developments, but may well be the result of a fresh maritime modus operandi to fulfil the navigation, collision avoidance and safe passage needs of all types of craft operating in all types of water with different pressures and Operational Requirements (ORS). Having postulated fresh ORS, suggestions are made on how best to fulfil them in a logical and cost-effective manner.

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Human Factor in Navigation: Overview of Cognitive Load Measurement during Simulated Navigational Tasks

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering ◽

10.3390/jmse8100775 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 775

Author(s):

Dejan Žagar ◽

Matija Svetina ◽

Andrej Košir ◽

Franc Dimc

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Load ◽

Collision Avoidance ◽

Human Factor ◽

Careful Study ◽

Statistical Tools ◽

Increase Reaction Time ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Biometric Parameters ◽

Cognitive Load Measurement ◽

Navigation Errors

This paper is intended to give an overview of the experiments to evaluate the cognitive load of the officer on watch (OOW) during a collision avoidance maneuver in a full-mission simulator. The main goal is to investigate the possibilities of recording the biometric parameters of an OOW during a simulated collision avoidance maneuver. Potentially dangerous navigation errors known as human erroneous action (HEA) are induced by excessive cognitive load. Despite modern navigational aids on the ship’s bridge, investigators of maritime incidents typically link the reason for incidents at sea with human factors, including high cognitive load. During the experimental tasks on the bridge, the biometric parameters of the OOW are recorded. Statistical tools are used to visualize the data and evaluate the cognitive load of the OOW. Biometric peaks of the OOW typically occur either during the collision avoidance maneuver or when the OOW has been exposed to disturbing factors that increase reaction time and cause potentially dangerous navigation. Assessing the cognitive load of OOWs in the simulator is challenging for several reasons: e.g., the environmental conditions of the simulator, the type of task to be simulated, and even the type of sensor used. After careful study of the available literature, an original experimental design using non-invasive biometric sensors is proposed.

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ALGORITHM DESIGN FOR SHIP’S STEERING WITH SPECIFIED LIMITATIONS UNDER VARIOUS WEATHER CONDITIONS

Brodogradnja ◽

10.21278/brod72402 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 19-32

Author(s):

Nikolay Ivanovsky ◽

◽

Sergei Chernyi ◽

Sergey Sokolov ◽

Anton Zhilenkov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Decision Making ◽

Control Systems ◽

Collision Avoidance ◽

Quantitative Assessment ◽

Human Factor ◽

Algorithm Design ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Research Results ◽

Automatic Control Systems

The problems of developing the risk assessment methods to estimate the level of safety of the vessel under the current conditions on a planned route before staring the pilotage as well as to make the decision on the beginning or suspension of pilotage in order to increase the level of navigational safety are discussed in the paper. Moreover, the application of the research results will reduce the affect of the human factor in decision-making in tasks related to the sea-going vessel’s operation. The developed method for the quantitative assessment of navigational risks will improve the safety of ship’s pilotage. It can also be applied in the decision-making support systems for the navigator in case of collision avoidance actions. The research results presented in this paper can be used to create automatic control systems.

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Civil Marine Radar Colour Displays

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s037346330000936x ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 41 (02) ◽

pp. 256-260

Author(s):

E. R. Ibbetson

Keyword(s):

Collision Avoidance ◽

Vital Role ◽

World War ◽

Safe Operation ◽

World War 2 ◽

Performance Specifications ◽

Marine Radar ◽

Ship Navigation ◽

And Performance

Marine radars, introduced generally for merchant ships immediately after World War 2, play a vital role in ship navigation and collision avoidance. They are now considered to be essential to a ship's safe operation and internationally agreed carriage rules and performance specifications exist for most classes of vessels.

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Fuzzy Reasoning as a Base for Collision Avoidance Decision Support System

PROMET - Traffic&Transportation ◽

10.7307/ptt.v25i6.1183 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 555-564 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tanja Brcko ◽

Jelenko švetak

Keyword(s):

Decision Support ◽

Decision Support System ◽

Collision Avoidance ◽

Support System ◽

Human Error ◽

Human Factor ◽

Fuzzy Reasoning ◽

Scientific Discipline ◽

The World ◽

Collision Avoidance System

Despite the generally high qualifications of seafarers, many maritime accidents are caused by human error; such accidents include capsizing, collision, and fire, and often result in pollution. Enough concern has been generated that researchers around the world have developed the study of the human factor into an independent scientific discipline. A great deal of progress has been made, particularly in the area of artificial intelligence. But since total autonomy is not yet expedient, the decision support systems based on soft computing are proposed to support human navigators and VTS operators in times of crisis as well as during the execution of everyday tasks as a means of reducing risk levels.This paper considers a decision support system based on fuzzy logic integrated into an existing bridge collision avoidance system. The main goal is to determine the appropriate course of avoidance, using fuzzy reasoning.

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An Investigation into the use of Radar for Collision Avoidance

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s0373463300030605 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 87-98

Author(s):

J. Brough ◽

K. D. Jones

Keyword(s):

Collision Avoidance ◽

Small Proportion ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Limited Information ◽

World War ◽

Marine Radar ◽

The Many ◽

Almost All

The introduction of marine radar into the general market immediately after the last world war, offered the promise of reducing the many economic losses sustained through failure to keep schedules during periods of reduced visibility. These promises have been only partially fulfilled. Initially it was accepted that radar needed little introduction—that it established the range and bearing of targets in the vicinity and no more was required. With radar available on only a small proportion of vessels, this limited information was sufficient to enable these few to avoid other, slower-moving craft which were not so fitted. Radar is now fitted on almost all vessels and speeds have increased, while manoeuvring characteristics have changed because of increased tonnage of vessels. The situation is now far more complex.

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A Radar Display for Collision Avoidance

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s0373463300047676 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 529-530 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. C. H. Clissold

Keyword(s):

Collision Avoidance ◽

Radar Screen ◽

Marine Radar

It is, I believe, generally agreed that if the aspect of a ship could be seen on the radar screen from a range of 4 or 5 miles down, the information provided by the radar picture would be sufficient to prevent collisions from occurring. The aspect cannot be directly observed on an ordinary 3-cm. marine radar, but I think such a set could be modified in the following way to enable the aspect to be shown.

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The Radar Simulator and Collision Avoidance at Sea

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s0373463300029015 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 64-68

Author(s):

J. H. Quick

Keyword(s):

Collision Avoidance ◽

Annual Meeting ◽

Kind Permission ◽

Marine Radar ◽

Radar Simulator ◽

Synthetic Target

In order to provide facilities ashore for obtaining experience in the use of radar in conditions approximating to those at sea, a marine radar simulator has been developed by the Ministry of Transport as an aid to training. In this way, ships’ officers can obtain experience, particularly in the avoidance of collision, which could rarely be obtained at sea without endangering the ship. The instrument shows synthetic target echoes on a standard marine radar display and the effects of their movements and manœuvres. Helm and engine controls are provided to allow the observer to manœuvre as he thinks fit to avoid collision.In this paper the Professional Officer and Chief Nautical Surveyor of the Ministry of Transport describes the simulator, the courses for ships’ officers that the Ministry has instituted, and the results of these courses. The paper, with three appendices which are not reproduced here, was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Ausschuss fur Funkortung held at Kiel from 12–17 September 1960, and is published with the kind permission of that body.

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