Preventive Effect of CuCl2on Behavioral Alterations and Mercury Accumulation in Central Nervous System Induced by HgCl2in Newborn Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 328-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Moraes-Silva ◽  
L. F. Siqueira ◽  
V. A. Oliveira ◽  
C. S. Oliveira ◽  
R. P. Ineu ◽  
...  
1990 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
L. Goya ◽  
C. Aláez ◽  
A. M. Pascual-Leone

Abstract. The development of epinephrine, norephinephrine, and total catecholamine secretion in plasma and andrenal glands was studied in newborn rats at short intervals: at day 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 23. The increase in the plasma level of epinephrine represents a maturation of the secretion of the adrenal medulla. The increase in plasma of epinephrine and norepinephrine and the content of catecholamines in the adrenal glands of both normal animals and those treated with either high doses of T4 or cortisol at birth suggest a slowing down of the normal development of epinephrine secretion. This was confirmed by inducing hypoglycemia in these three groups of animals by a 20-h fast or by insulin administration (0.1436 μmol/kg). We conclude that both high doses of T4 and cortisol administered at birth seem to retard the development of the autonomic nervous system similar to the effect on the central nervous system.


1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (4) ◽  
pp. R595-R603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Xia ◽  
C. Jiang ◽  
G. G. Haddad

Using enzyme histochemistry and in vitro electrophysiological recordings in brain slices, we studied 1) the relative activity of cytochrome c oxidase (Cytox) and hexokinase (HK) and 2) cellular function by examining ionic homeostasis across cell membranes in the turtle and newborn (5 days old) and adult rat central nervous system. We found that Cytox was higher in the rostral than in the caudal brain regions of the adult rat and that the activity in the newborn is at least as high as in the adult rat. In contrast, adult turtles had very low Cytox activity throughout the central nervous system. Compared with that in the adult rat, HK activity in the newborn was generally lower in the rostral brain and cerebellum but similar or higher in the brain stem and spinal cord. In the turtle, HK activity was higher in the cerebellum, brain stem, and ventral horn of the spinal cord than in those in the rat. During anoxia, extracellular K+ increased by approximately 10-fold (from 3.2 to approximately 32 mM) in the adult brain stem but only by 2.6 mM in newborn rats. After glycolysis was blocked with iodoacetic acid (10-20 mM), extracellular K+ increased remarkably in both adult and newborn rats to approximately 35 mM. In contrast, the turtle brain tissue showed a slight and insignificant increase in extracellular K+ during complete anoxia or with iodoacetic acid; there was a modest increase in K+ when anoxia and iodoacetate were administered together. We conclude that 1) the newborn rat brain must rely either on higher glycolytic capacity or on a reduction of metabolic rate during O2 deprivation and 2) the turtle brain can subsist on nonglucose fuels or on fuels not requiring the citric acid cycle and the electron transfer chain.


Physiology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
R Verley

If a sensory nerve is sectioned, it is expected that the centrally deprived projection area should be reduced to silence and atrophy. However, in recent years the capacity of the central nervous system for reorganization has received increasing attention. This article concerns elimination of input from the tactile system on the head of rodents, which has two components, the long vibrissae and the common fur. After early destruction of the vibrissae in newborn rats, the deprived cortex unexpectedly was not significantly reduced because substitution occurred. If only the vibrissae were destroyed, small fur hairs substituted for them. If both vibrissae and small hairs on the muzzle were destroyed, fur hairs of other head regions took over. This shows that early deprivation leads to reorganization in the somatosensory cortex that reveals greater than expected plasticity. Thus the principle of specificity of neural connections, a basic principle of neurology, must be reappraised.


2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Clark

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.


Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.


Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.


Author(s):  
Ezzatollah Keyhani

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.


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